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鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old0 z4 O. Y- Y+ D( y, S$ m- [# Y
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical+ X3 s/ D, p2 M
Exposure to Testosterone: `4 }% \' J7 T6 k' V4 O) {
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
. D$ [5 O/ o1 u7 gand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1* ?( d( M0 ?3 p5 u- \  \% L
Clinical Pediatrics# ?1 \0 _. `; w* H$ a
Volume 46 Number 6) d* {0 P. s/ |
July 2007 540-5430 I8 B) ?( k  d1 [( [7 D0 }
© 2007 Sage Publications( @, ]4 I* g" m4 ?# P4 F
10.1177/0009922806296651  O# V' p- ?; W; x/ `' A: `
http://clp.sagepub.com
& f: ^2 L6 w( z& @! _hosted at
( q% P% E2 {; [7 K' w+ P% u& uhttp://online.sagepub.com: `7 R4 E# M8 r7 n4 h
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,: }9 `+ A- P3 {. E
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
0 |. i, K" \4 y, Bprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated0 f0 H# ^- `( c5 T" i( p
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has6 {8 [0 J4 p& Q9 I! w6 u5 S+ l
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
& E: @6 i6 ]% P# j/ @lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested& `, ]& c6 K8 e  [4 ^' c
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
( }3 ^0 M: _7 s! D# l% R9 E% zhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
% x4 Q" V2 \! `  Z- ucles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We. C8 y$ Q. E/ l8 z" n5 ?
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the3 c( w+ l5 ?- W4 Q
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-' ^1 V$ a: T7 G" s' U
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
+ b/ [8 Z. [, ^  Rto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by" G$ a6 E& N# P% x. Z- Y* `2 z
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-- E8 M+ ]% a- `& D, c9 B% e5 T
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
5 c& [# _1 G9 k1 V+ g  a) i* ?child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
" B0 H' F& [& L3 R/ ]8 qtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-/ C9 K' Y" R7 \% ?
bly more common than the rare case report in the* @' `. {/ @/ S0 _4 _) O* z( H
literature.43 w# F5 v2 [, ?1 @8 O& D
Patient Report
+ R! ~; Q) g. S  O* N; zA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
2 w, [( z& E. Mendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
2 i  G) G( _; X: ?& H' ]' v/ G& _of early sexual development. His mother noticed0 e$ }/ o  _! S; x
light colored pubic hair development when he was
6 J) ]- o7 @: L1 R9 tFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
/ H& Q' e; T; v. l* D) y( ^0 Y% q% lSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
! B4 e3 O/ w+ _2 UAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
2 j3 U9 z" Q+ x7 t; _4 ZProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of  l8 ], _. D- N: |: ]6 v+ J
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
1 u# v. o: |/ _& me-mail: [email protected].' U2 o8 b# h9 ~  \: Z# m+ R6 e- ]
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became3 @  |1 ]; U/ X( S9 b- s
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-6 i. O6 J2 W& e% b8 o
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child# _1 U0 d* ^9 b2 y
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with0 B( T8 [7 z0 I, O2 K, j# Y
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of0 s: u+ q8 ]* d9 T2 _+ E
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year: g1 {4 D$ ~: ]2 ?& E
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
4 D) l6 a/ m" y  esolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
6 k! }6 p: d; g/ Iand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
* X2 |. B- g' g1 E" g* Y& ewas age appropriate.
1 ]7 n# u6 s7 m$ w4 x' pThe family history was remarkable for the father,% }8 X- {& c1 D+ @' [
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,) g" k2 M: H& L9 s
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s$ }% l# M& A% B4 u+ R" {" V* m. n
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat, f  r" `8 H# U& M& D, r: j* O
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
; _; N) s; K( F) T: i# lThe father denied taking any other medication. The
' L( E7 Y* D0 l4 q: z, F. ~child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche( }- M+ N& b8 ?' c" @# Z0 m9 n9 n: p
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
* |7 O' v% n2 V# E7 o8 ]; V5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
0 s8 M5 U! u( ]5 G4 @cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-- w( X: J& E6 E# V& t
tives. There were no siblings.
9 Z6 d5 ?! I* e0 ?Physical Examination
2 U7 a9 ^4 A# [6 ]1 K! f/ M& K4 WThe physical examination revealed a very active,7 L+ v% j8 {! K  ?
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented: I- k) \7 c3 g
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was0 @; r; y: d/ Z
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
, t' ?# f. a! Y( s8 `(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
  V6 q9 X6 N: g4 Uvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of4 _& I# o1 N) M4 t& i7 `% p; H
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.9 n# \/ A: g- L1 P* Q
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for4 Y4 L6 Z) H0 G/ P% i6 [
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
" y" ]! [9 {  N9 z6 C8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
  Y4 V% U# G! C* Ldeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
' Y& H: C6 V7 ?& W540; A+ d" q, U' ~% ?, }) `
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
+ p1 N' X5 ?! o1 h: o% sthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
% D. e, S+ l) ?* ]" ttesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
0 G3 L; Y4 V" QThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
. X. L* G; o; X: W% Yoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no7 @8 Z; L/ H6 r5 [. W0 d
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.4 O. D3 H, L2 `( S- B4 h. b$ o
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+4 H" m! [, R1 q" T
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion: x, j7 `' }$ u: v! q
of papilledema.
$ `" t, ?& m6 q+ @% ?Laboratory Evaluation3 g3 u' Q+ x1 v0 p+ l: i
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by, T+ E  x' Q7 P$ G
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-. B$ n" k2 Q& R
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal- f. R" H  F6 k+ m8 Z8 t! U
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test2 Q) J& ^) @* N) L& B  l  z
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
, x# }- v9 {4 h5 p- r, E& j4 [5 ^lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).9 m1 p* ?0 H& n; H$ N
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
3 }7 I- a7 A; g% q5 Rurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
  ^5 s# ?8 r: J' t% ]within normal range for his age. The concentration
& |) E; \" M+ Zof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
3 t7 ^. g% _- v- A(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 205 N3 r& J; ~. X+ @, y, e6 }+ ^
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
( z; l# V* h; l- _; M9 [+ |terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),) Z+ V8 o8 ]  i
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to' b% d3 M& A7 m5 O0 K
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
; i2 W! G% v  }$ v0 \# M% Zwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
- w1 S# Q! w5 E- ?# utisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total) w( W2 }* Z8 }& D* S& S
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),) O5 Z& @" T0 N  ~6 N2 Y: Y7 ]. @/ y
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
. H5 a( _1 }, g# W6 U5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular9 B8 b7 @/ b- e, l
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone- A4 U9 R3 j0 S3 a
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
, g' m$ X" }( h" f# g4 O& |+ P(prepubertal).+ n8 N/ Y6 Z  Y, H$ u4 \
The parents were notified about the laboratory2 S( W0 r- ]: k& H
results and were informed that all of the tests were) n% u% e( m! G6 V$ [
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
+ B* d+ W  s$ ~' q9 tfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to2 L! f& _; c6 U+ G- m: B
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-: F2 \" N- X( o! j1 K
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
& A) H5 ?% M: CPhysical examination at this time revealed that the6 X4 ^* t. ?% L) |! [
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
  Q" Z  g7 n) I; ]2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained0 l" ?1 u1 [3 l! U
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
- y" {4 Z% n% w9 \, }; q3 @pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
6 w/ I# h2 W0 [. D3 @0 `. ?the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
, b4 x/ ~7 _% D7 p3 G2 dmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
+ J/ F/ Y% A1 T5 UThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
# \" l0 F5 \; xing frequent erections.; [3 z1 G  R! N3 {( [% r, d6 ~7 o
Both parents were again questioned about use of( F: L! |$ L: c7 n0 r' b$ M
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to/ n# ?* X# ]$ G$ ^* o1 Z7 j
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
( k0 v1 b& B% Z9 o8 pTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541! J3 N8 K8 t% u" @8 ^
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-$ _1 e3 v  G( E3 J/ K; I
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for0 o6 a" u0 O! N$ \6 b
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
0 ]% Q7 f) L! T4 @5 X+ _& wto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-8 o4 l% ]5 ~. ]3 U
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
$ t7 I" y4 a. U$ U; \secondary to depression.) l6 Y. L2 Q% j3 e
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
4 x, j6 V2 W4 [6 t" v. c1 d$ \' yThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
! |; {) N6 o$ q) J% P6 n& B- \1 W5 gchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-: t% I9 h& p; |1 O& o8 \8 u
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.' `1 a! d$ _! `0 }
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
. v6 K+ h- g" G2 c) h( jwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
& Z7 G8 {2 `+ ?. Z. Iwas high, he then read the product information
9 E4 t4 Q" `" B4 l- jpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
8 [' v! a1 O1 Y2 x8 Zson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
9 H" I  h9 e0 s( Y+ z& f& ~decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
( _2 F: r$ [3 M/ ~8 pfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
& n5 U$ ]# k6 |. D7 H/ k7 Lbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone6 i! P0 ?- W% B2 D; z; ?) A  {3 X* @
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
- k! b3 q$ H2 A4 mlaboratory to obtain the test.% ~7 J8 ^" }4 D( u8 c- o
Discussion  }- J3 {# v2 p) H" x  U! v$ a8 p: }: K
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary9 ?4 k4 Y5 x. g% M! k
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
; k# l% R: q' b" YPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
& A, d' ]# L- k' @% {( x% T7 i& D0 d2 Cit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
" J- I6 ?& \; ~2 j) A2 m& r4 gthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
" F& G; A" x9 P* Q  xmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP# T5 Y5 [1 c" P# t
may have a central nervous system lesion that is: f- \  s0 l( K/ m$ v0 S4 j
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
0 G: A, J6 Y4 e! Aamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-9 o- g( {5 K, O6 c( M
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in' A  f$ G" c  K, `- F
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-  S' _% h2 V# A& G+ P6 r9 E
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
6 [- ?/ L$ ~/ l- A" Drical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
: w) K4 W& Z& Y; z- h! B9 l; vgonadotropins.1,3
3 v6 H# S4 D* ]. ?8 KGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-# d! q5 y: o0 l- x7 g
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
# O  L2 }# P& p  l7 N& m3 @androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
0 \# U% S' H! {) {9 `$ e  Kexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-+ Y7 q  E  R' g" I0 {4 n8 A
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing7 \( _0 e# O- |2 I- W: d7 _  A  d/ ?
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
5 ~5 p6 j3 o  L( kadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
6 [/ o! h3 H; x! j5 t7 d- @4 bpuberty in boys.3,4( K7 K) T4 K" _' s9 {9 L7 f
The most common form of congenital adrenal
& y9 s9 |( ?5 p9 ]0 l4 mhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
' H# A4 x, [2 ]2 `' d! ]  DThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in9 N) s7 z3 z$ ~. C; e
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,& Q* `0 ]* @. M6 }7 B+ ?; v8 l* m$ O
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen6 e, z/ z  a0 t" ~
excess.1,3  G/ s$ s3 @6 X
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from* H' d; ~# A  u7 _3 K
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007/ W  l+ i* E- x: u3 w
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
) a! C( e0 |0 k! f! Dindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
7 ~  }: e" {0 Q& x3 |1 qas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
! d6 }' p0 u7 C' k9 T$ G+ Zvery young age. The physical findings in these boys' K- I  L: x+ N2 N& Q! `
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
4 o) f, d* f1 E8 dincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys" q/ O! z$ |- b9 J" y
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
, w; p. ^- L5 T  m0 ?7 r7 Rare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show- O  F0 R; c7 s4 ^5 ^: w9 y
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-2 u, U' ]7 U% r3 T8 [$ g# S
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
1 e9 v1 w5 I. o2 Yautosomal dominant disorder that affects only1 n. Z/ Z, ^8 L' m- u1 U5 }8 b
males; therefore, other male members of the family! y; M& C% _6 K, [; m1 d1 q8 N
may have similar precocious puberty.3
  @+ f4 p, W3 y% NIn our patient, physical examination was incon-9 M3 i5 R+ S6 [  ^
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-2 v! _/ p+ F7 I, T5 i
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis6 ?/ ^( V; y( K8 b8 w/ p
was in the differential diagnosis because his father6 |  S8 e6 X) H5 T! X) y
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
* d2 b# Z9 ]0 K  m# Etesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
/ B6 R4 H; x4 ^* S6 ~" |# o- |beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
8 Z" |( W8 {. u# aative initial history of androgen exposure, our, m' C/ l* b' j: F
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
0 j- ~  ], |  ~& b# f0 jeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase6 v$ o/ L) _/ L! W8 h. J
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
+ r( }# A; u" K, Uing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
; e* X9 a% z. ~The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly* U7 d" q( C! l- H* d) ?
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because. b% \0 L3 M6 l9 y) G$ X3 h7 ~
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
5 k2 C8 c! y; Q7 l! @pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and- z( d. w1 N; S% a
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
' s# O9 C& V  r' f9 b' p# Bterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
& B% |5 N! g& J5 Z7 Y( P2 Vusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
7 q7 f$ L! Z. n+ uDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
: |* {5 d! X  i4 J/ Pcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
4 H$ c& |1 Q7 G: u4 R9 gunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
: P# b- o' |# v9 y5 r+ J" dSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
/ b( V1 c* u2 ?2 {" g+ F6 _baseline value in those females who were exposed to4 q3 @. n& d! q6 S6 m+ q
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male8 l" d. U) ?6 I# l( O( ]
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
- L; D" F7 M% S+ |7 v. J  ution site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.* |' Z: U; r$ S: H1 y* X* g; P
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,* p) d; l1 V' I7 P5 M+ I* |: q1 ]
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that8 {0 K, @4 S# j3 q, k
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-; [3 p" h! W' ~! s
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more' q5 V  q$ c3 _, k; b9 T$ I3 V, O: R
active in young children exposed to testosterone
8 p* G3 @4 k0 |8 z: Z* wexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-3 k. q" E. i( u
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
4 m5 E! A" Q; N2 Wvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
$ \; T9 I$ K/ r* o! qchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and9 ~2 i) e5 s. {
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
9 m5 m% I, b3 U6 z4 bThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during; I- {  }0 E- _, e% X/ ~6 ^
early childhood on pubertal development and final& A$ v6 W9 N: J( j
adult height are not fully known and always remain
. j8 D' i' h5 F# \. k8 x$ a7 Za concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
9 l; u% @5 x# c4 M5 f# ?& B9 xterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some  g# u* a5 R0 @& V
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after+ A/ v  d) |6 _" A. i" u
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation9 {  I5 A/ n% X/ t6 e
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9& J1 m' U. F. J8 R9 u" T1 b$ o7 Q
There are conflicting reports and controversy
8 }) X5 a$ V# b# d1 qover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult! `* {" z2 Y( b5 n
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal3 z* i" u4 |/ d
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
9 ^# V. P7 [* t8 g+ Eulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
! T: \: p/ ?" p0 MSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between3 I8 ~( H" _- Z4 A' P4 m- u+ q
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult, i3 o/ }+ G+ k( k% v: V
penile length in clinical studies.
% q( q$ F$ |, ?6 MNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
$ @; A$ @: ^9 @0 ]going to experience any of the untoward effects from" d6 Z2 Z0 p" ^* a! I% q# M% J
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because) I9 T. @; x5 ?) N! ]! I8 G
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.( z" |) `+ t9 P, q4 K5 I9 Y
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
2 X7 P( U2 _( h& j1 n% k5 q  ~diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
. I" s- a& ^. ?4 e7 g! p, p9 sthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult* [- h- [! F. c# B' x
height will not be affected.. R* K4 D7 n! l( b* c' Q
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
5 _$ g6 R, O5 i9 V" b  Uability of androgen products in our society may' ^& ~  s" R; S8 t( k+ @( a% ~8 U- S
indeed cause more virilization in male or female/ j4 [2 W, ^* X3 y& M
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-* u+ Z, A# N6 C( b$ T$ a
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
5 b# g" p1 a! s2 i; h! rtioning about the use of a testosterone product or  A2 n1 z6 ~& q, Q" b8 K& f
gel should be asked of the family members during
& e, Q# M- K- J9 J% qthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
* ?5 M2 k7 J$ q5 l( G1 N. V  gilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-1 _4 F; X; V3 K
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
7 ^% o' G; g. |appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a" ?1 e9 o8 z6 L
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
! s8 {+ B1 O, J& Z; |0 hresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive( r' k& C, S7 n& f1 D
investigation. The primary care physician should be
& B# l$ `! b+ {aware of this fact, because most of these children+ \/ _' z7 I8 Q
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
" @* E3 _) M. kDesk Reference and package insert should also put a/ s- ]- J9 [+ x5 ~. B6 q4 P3 a/ z' D
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
! {8 k! J. ]) D' K. S2 vfemale child who might come in contact with some-
( O3 a( M' Z6 {  _/ f0 none using any of these products.$ R2 ^3 Z; n( c6 G) C
References
- n( D" x! h2 ~( I. E* Q8 T1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
+ D+ M; E# G0 Uand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
) I( u. R2 V3 f8 OEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;/ o, V- S0 c: w: p' J% f) L3 P
2002: 565-628.) _% T! z& [7 K. ~) K8 S# ^
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious. h" a' n4 M  I$ G
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
! Z/ F& J. M1 i$ J9 {Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
/ J1 T( z  `- SExposure to Testosterone$ r, [) u, P  b" ?( o/ f, d1 t
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2$ ?9 E5 z9 D; E5 g# J6 A
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1# Y2 ?6 G4 G6 a5 `8 H
Clinical Pediatrics5 `/ [' e$ O; i; M1 |
Volume 46 Number 60 K* u" C6 C! x  J! [
July 2007 540-5434 o' F4 j9 \+ A' H( J( S
© 2007 Sage Publications0 K2 o: }5 p! L3 d
10.1177/00099228062966516 n" q" v( G% Z  W' _. P
http://clp.sagepub.com/ U) g, A8 ^/ P/ x+ y6 k( I$ Q
hosted at
7 k2 a& j0 k0 ]3 `" E0 [; ihttp://online.sagepub.com8 m. F( ^7 B4 ~% I$ ]  o$ U2 e
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
$ l7 @$ e! i8 @$ i6 F; uis a significant concern for physicians. Central* b5 E$ P9 J' v1 ]- j6 Q
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
+ L0 f. h  m; k" q8 \# ythrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has& ^) u" W2 v9 C+ m8 N! Q9 R
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system8 p8 w4 v8 f% J6 r, M
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
* f/ f) a9 a6 P5 Xby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
$ p  o$ y$ z% a" W% H. [3 fhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-# h4 b. u' r7 {& C& X. b8 {4 u5 O" P
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
+ q2 j. t. e( Y- R/ E1 G3 F( preport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
& H& ]0 n& \3 V, i  r% g- tenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
, C1 m# o. v+ c$ S2 i! ~0 w/ ument without testicular enlargement, which was due
2 W6 g1 {2 \& C7 t' G  G1 J/ u8 Mto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by% }' M8 I. n, c2 o
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
- d! p2 c4 N7 T$ U5 ^mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this6 d5 C* t: H% ?$ I
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of, ?5 \# v# r; u- y
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-& D. b# t5 a7 S# n5 l6 W% B$ o
bly more common than the rare case report in the& b3 U0 X1 z/ X  Y9 e! T
literature.4
+ z: b8 V: ]: F, d# b$ t3 d* TPatient Report5 S+ Q# h$ S2 a/ ?+ V+ H; V, \9 {
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
$ G+ |3 {2 t7 n" Tendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
1 W: C7 A0 U0 x/ c9 a8 x( Yof early sexual development. His mother noticed
6 S, ?, i, A! I% H' V8 r: hlight colored pubic hair development when he was8 z4 k* w; U2 S1 q4 K/ C; W
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of6 i; }* e3 g8 I- W4 e
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.% w7 H6 Y% }$ Z; _
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,- y! [/ G" o+ l+ Z8 B, s% D
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
: k5 Q8 e1 j* O2 |+ a/ y- W1 s/ aMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
( K" ]$ U4 a, l4 L& v; ~e-mail: [email protected].
, s" t- J! ~; U* ]6 o6 q$ n) ~about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
# t  F% @; k8 k1 ]$ z+ o: M/ Z8 o$ @* Ddarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-1 j7 Q. T$ t& N/ Y$ c0 K) B% D
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child. o1 A$ [2 c+ o' a/ \0 {, e  K
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with, g! i* @6 S/ ~2 _& z4 b
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
$ U0 I2 K" p! O9 L! G  {20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
5 B" q+ p. U, C* Z  Fof life and was still receiving breast milk along with8 l% }; o; [; I* z- q; C4 C6 G
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,1 a6 W" @# M# n7 @
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
5 D, X) H3 G1 k' Ywas age appropriate.
3 L5 k! M. D8 A/ I- BThe family history was remarkable for the father,
+ d$ X$ i7 c3 M! m/ _7 g! r5 r9 [who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,8 w$ R+ b% K) v% _2 b+ L/ T
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
4 H, S" i& l7 t3 Lheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat2 K- a3 m* m  l1 B" x
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.; O, I: M. Z* R% n1 k* E# r# G. p
The father denied taking any other medication. The
/ _5 @% h5 e; @. C& _child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche6 |- D+ O3 \3 W
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
, Z$ t: s7 ]1 V2 [5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
0 J# A& |9 M, P+ g: @7 [, H8 Acocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-& a+ s7 U, v* v! g
tives. There were no siblings.
: i5 Z! B% c- g3 b1 MPhysical Examination
; ?/ R" z. S9 E; xThe physical examination revealed a very active,% l0 D. E' e$ s) N, `3 ]$ L
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
/ ]" o% `7 C; H/ i) X0 na blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was* h4 @" V( U! Y' Q' Y0 w8 k
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
6 C1 J' Y8 N  d- }6 f* K# Y(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
8 `! ?' Y% m" A% Dvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
" N+ f6 y/ R& [  Othe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
$ {9 K( A( l2 A5 ?! ^0 ~The genitourinary examination was remarkable for! x8 w' D. g9 m! C
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
" `9 j* u5 l! X2 e8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well+ o  s! d% T8 ]# \# o6 W+ [" `
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
0 f9 j) ?$ b" ^) f1 V4 F0 Z540$ o% Y+ A9 P+ v# M- W4 l' X: j# r
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from$ H8 }- G: p' m+ ?, m3 v  u
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The3 q5 w  X8 ?' @4 ~+ _$ U" x
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.' g1 E3 A# g3 w- m! Q
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat# Y. B  t, v6 ]% g1 M
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no* x- D1 V2 O0 p- o& u4 R. I- Y% U
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
, I0 q& f7 b/ W/ a% HNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+7 V! R8 R, p# w2 B4 Z& |, i
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
" d8 d$ ]( ^, k, Jof papilledema.& t) r5 L8 e' Y& q* l/ e2 E( L) R) X
Laboratory Evaluation
! k: |# E) S' i) }, c- ?The bone age was consistent with 28 months by6 g4 {1 X; A$ }+ T% d+ l
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-! T# q9 c  N: N1 g* [7 e) O" e2 O
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal% {; Y7 M9 f. M
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
6 A  o; o- v0 I6 ?% h* m' Dshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-6 ^" [# \5 A% r9 p7 Q7 j4 o# i
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).% {3 \0 a/ f, L$ v- G
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
6 w, M8 P! z6 c; E2 Murea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were8 H. L0 F" B& C2 W" n; a
within normal range for his age. The concentration6 c6 w6 G- b% V
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL: D# ~* [2 A: F
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 208 c: n& w5 L+ N( p' o& S
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-3 r8 Z6 A/ [2 p
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
' ~' K3 f% I5 g! w3 V* wdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to9 r+ {4 @4 ^: a7 `) V
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S): o  R. L  u9 t( Z- _2 Q/ q! F) o: O
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
7 j7 p$ {( [' p* X' ptisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
7 n7 k' [- N) I# a1 b  O: o* ztestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),% N) y  H+ S& {% L7 V) P- o/ h
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
! X; l4 m7 t, N" J  s/ n2 a- H5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
0 t; m* {& H7 x- n6 m- J, V3 Cstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
3 {& o2 b" X  |) Mconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
; D1 [6 K" T$ K. T- m1 G5 i(prepubertal).0 e) v4 u% I) z. B" ?7 `6 E! [; }1 L
The parents were notified about the laboratory
+ u- [9 L* \& |8 |' cresults and were informed that all of the tests were, R8 [( j+ c0 ?  {$ k! T- K7 l' u
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
6 ~3 i5 X5 l$ V$ efollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to" u' g+ j) c5 G# f
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-! W& I3 W- H+ t1 I, R, j  r5 Q
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.% r# p/ j3 x7 _$ t) Y! ^) ], z  y
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
8 m3 K3 L5 H5 {, u0 w6 E" wchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained  c, S! i3 h- T$ ~  d, \
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
9 G. {/ v; C' L: S: N  ~- w2 Punchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
$ B* B# A$ n+ b, B2 J1 I- Epletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at3 l0 K4 e0 P  k% X' u- B! \
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 29 n$ y' V4 |1 i9 p  {/ V( Z
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.. W, x1 E+ o$ ?0 A3 ^
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-' O' ?1 e$ z4 |) z5 j1 a
ing frequent erections.1 s! m% ?# W, V4 Z8 L3 J
Both parents were again questioned about use of
7 l% k( n: _, F+ N6 y. ?any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
& _' x  C8 f3 J# xthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
' d0 E% r3 k5 q4 q  o$ y* |& QTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541% ?# \( \! [1 r. P4 m0 n
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
  s7 O) |. r. A, o+ I  z4 Xing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
6 u# \! ~) v6 Pa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
1 z3 a" I) x  z! B0 G9 bto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-* k# K& N% [. u7 Y6 z  q
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido9 B$ K3 ~, u; x& V
secondary to depression.- c4 U1 M. i" g
The child slept in the same bed with parents.' E2 S9 K+ l* \( A0 F5 z5 w
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his1 D# w( t( x1 o! Z' v
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
( h* `! W% B5 k" l7 v! Knificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
$ C8 Q# ?+ |# UThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
3 v; M# u) X; ^8 |% }3 Z6 g# Xwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
3 {! R6 f. Q* _! twas high, he then read the product information8 ~$ i+ |6 |# `7 X/ R+ w' F
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-* C) [( L6 A/ ^0 I% @& T" o6 F/ ^2 S
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they: A5 l* R+ ^( L. r5 d
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the4 y/ _8 `& W, j* I
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
! S2 Q, f1 a+ w1 m" vbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone# i, c3 o- Y% M1 g+ L
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
4 S' L& C' D4 p9 C5 P" ~laboratory to obtain the test.
4 @7 d" O5 |3 w& F( [7 XDiscussion' G" L! A: M0 g0 }
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
. B; P% Q7 D, ~6 b% Usexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
; D" e9 J& f& ePrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when. J" g- H% v4 i7 v1 \2 U
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-, z- |0 K3 L0 m  }# i
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
# D) @5 N7 v$ J+ a/ x& y- @mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP2 n4 N. X# z5 j4 P0 H1 _
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
- L  E1 P( @8 t! u+ i# @+ j& u- |responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-+ }% W2 h* f8 _
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-2 s3 Q  D# V1 B
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
; I$ V2 `* y3 u$ G3 l4 Iboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-3 U* ?, z4 S2 ]
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
* q2 U# R9 K4 D+ s7 J' o8 [' _3 @% o! Trical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by; C* i3 d7 q# A! @, c6 L
gonadotropins.1,3
4 P4 {5 N# }7 b1 [' X( mGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-: y3 o. e+ [+ T/ g' j9 r
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
7 m$ Q* E  M" h9 X/ Z2 L& d$ oandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or5 r3 m$ F6 V: D% n$ d. r2 c
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
% P* D* e5 q0 p1 u# u! Xulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing# \4 s; D8 |; q$ d1 |
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
* @, g: x& i: t' s0 y5 B3 Madrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
) A# p/ y# L' m, x: [" h0 |8 \puberty in boys.3,4
1 E6 S% N; V$ I/ ZThe most common form of congenital adrenal3 H0 D: N2 p5 p- n
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
4 M; |# t" X9 U( \The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
6 ]# f; g. I6 V0 ~9 Z) fexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,; F' v$ N; O8 v- u5 P( p
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
0 L6 r8 d# [8 ~2 Uexcess.1,34 Y* D/ D: c9 s
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from+ x* T& |! b/ A
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007  x0 l, p! }# F+ {% x0 U. _
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
1 V" y, L1 C' Windependent precocious puberty, which is also known) u# c$ _* g2 R6 K7 q; Z/ K
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
3 q! N, g* B$ vvery young age. The physical findings in these boys8 w7 D$ Q/ u% w3 c4 c( b
with this disorder are full pubertal development,6 v2 i- \2 z+ L' H& a# F  o
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys$ S5 R$ |* \% j
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
% j: I1 o2 S1 _- zare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
0 j8 |# s; L0 e) f9 l" _+ E' e( rpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
7 o( I. p/ T: Greleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
! a* d" j2 d3 l) b0 b. {0 ]; A% jautosomal dominant disorder that affects only! o9 S! e& b4 B0 j6 e) c# T* @
males; therefore, other male members of the family( {8 A1 @  Q* a% k' @
may have similar precocious puberty.31 T; i2 f) p5 `
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
; |5 A2 F- c$ Q$ Isistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
3 k' x+ V+ S2 r  N) Acles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
+ \* R, i6 K, l4 n* s  T  y6 {was in the differential diagnosis because his father
5 v' s  C% B9 ?started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally," R1 z. L8 x1 \" ^
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
; b# S; @- e' ~" d+ jbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-/ r2 |) G6 v# A6 I3 Z5 f! V: D
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
) G8 X2 [; Z8 G: L2 ybiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,1 r4 C" o# G* a3 h9 y" D: ~
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
  g2 u" y2 w$ g! D8 `deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-+ h7 m9 }' ~' T
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
1 r/ X- k. |7 n6 j/ LThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly) Y+ B1 `9 V0 G1 L& ^  i
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
, D0 R* N5 X7 s% o" j+ c. F6 d! jthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-0 Z( T+ Y( g% A2 B1 C$ T% q; |
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
2 P2 l5 m& x; R- m$ H1 a- ~decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-% [/ R$ N# D5 G2 H
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was+ ~0 f/ I) _; X. y7 \# i4 |5 y
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
2 t5 ~- h  H  C  cDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
9 p  n* t% U4 x9 X( U: Ycream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to0 B. N+ O1 A( z* d, e8 h8 ?
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.* v! E; |4 ~0 i, C: l& _1 ]
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the, [" _* g! n# N: y7 n" n+ \
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
1 U% T- J! r& ]% V2 j  Deven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
; o/ P# P5 U3 q$ y3 N5 hpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
/ t; v' U/ ?4 A9 O& [1 Ktion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
6 v) v) b# e* {8 O( y& @Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,+ ^7 a8 v' G3 n
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that9 Z7 q: D: z+ E* W% W" p: \6 ]
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
3 J2 G2 n% W0 _: s# F' Y6 H9 g1 z! qterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more4 `' K& r& \/ ^9 S
active in young children exposed to testosterone! j) S$ V) _" [; ^
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-' \9 e* m2 u5 ?9 M
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to0 x3 h3 Q# y! a" N5 Y1 B
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
* A, n* H1 G- C6 Q7 Cchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
4 e* i/ ], J, ?- Gadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
& M, K$ ^1 b. T+ o; P8 B" lThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during4 g- v8 p9 m, w5 Z
early childhood on pubertal development and final
# n; A0 e1 w' G- X, }0 j) S1 nadult height are not fully known and always remain; {  P& b7 y; ~* K3 J3 d
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
4 x; Y* K- h- Q+ e9 I  Yterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some9 v0 n1 W& `; n
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
: T" j8 O4 H/ Qcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation5 u) J7 ?2 d9 X
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9. @, b# U# w4 h. N/ \$ M, t
There are conflicting reports and controversy5 ]+ h3 g* m8 w+ ~0 v) ]
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
4 e& I$ ~# S) ?penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal/ R; l+ s# l" k, h3 P$ c6 d
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-3 h) @& n9 |/ V3 e
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,4 |9 `: L, V% K+ t7 J
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between0 {( Y, V, |! B
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
  M8 w3 s% {% j0 Hpenile length in clinical studies.
5 C+ o6 w# Z, H1 r- L5 ^Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is* {  ]2 r3 z: o
going to experience any of the untoward effects from( b4 y' T, q/ u- @0 y$ @: I
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
7 t1 t" n- O. E# m2 m7 s- `' nthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.# V2 w4 k0 ~% l9 O
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
7 l8 _& v. O% \& B$ k4 C6 |diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
3 e" }8 C. e; `6 b5 s0 p0 V- gthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult8 b) m* W2 C4 z+ u
height will not be affected.  u4 q1 H9 U4 K- _/ H6 O
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-  R2 u2 [5 d3 r$ q' z
ability of androgen products in our society may  @4 h9 L* {1 H, x" L0 f
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
1 Z1 C$ i5 S- v3 Q& z  \children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
. n0 w5 E& _; ]& A, Xgen products must be considered and specific ques-
0 p3 x: `' \" e4 stioning about the use of a testosterone product or
2 V1 s) p$ K0 J, y! {gel should be asked of the family members during
' J4 X8 b) M& C9 d- ~& [the evaluation of any children who present with vir-  L0 s: I4 m1 `# r
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-/ Y! W* ~5 x# m) k4 i5 V# e' |
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
5 p$ c2 s* D9 k/ `& v- S; k; tappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
9 O, K  M6 h# Hhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may9 r6 v, H6 e1 Y/ F- ~
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive/ i# h9 N: Z; F
investigation. The primary care physician should be
; W5 r3 q3 k) b/ v, q' Gaware of this fact, because most of these children
1 c9 q( h  Y% }may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
7 m8 P$ P6 b0 h$ w! ~4 j8 UDesk Reference and package insert should also put a$ C$ d$ ?" {; W: B$ t
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
4 {, f4 ~  x: vfemale child who might come in contact with some-
, x. Y/ d+ X0 r- H- _one using any of these products.& X6 ?" F0 W( j4 f; W; Z
References
6 ~5 [4 p' m0 X; y" r4 S0 r1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation% U) P/ W8 l4 x* {$ D: `' f
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric# o  O: C0 s' s( a. f" \
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
3 _' `/ \( O! C: S& |% R( V2002: 565-628.; z2 Q+ o9 k( C
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
; l; E" F0 c" w+ Kpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
3 d& f8 N* y/ D( @
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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