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鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
; k$ ^% p# o0 HBoy Induced by Indirect Topical1 _. S3 \/ }, R0 U! r2 A* K
Exposure to Testosterone: R  K3 q, O$ k! c
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
7 z% `! W7 ^# i2 L  w( nand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1/ Q9 E9 C% H# ~; @- }
Clinical Pediatrics
6 m. \& q9 D  o8 r6 MVolume 46 Number 63 V# t" L' O, k' ?
July 2007 540-543
, _% Y4 c- _! M8 i6 G© 2007 Sage Publications5 F1 w7 G3 y, T& O/ w
10.1177/0009922806296651, {0 U& A% v3 t  C$ E
http://clp.sagepub.com
% l8 W; n! b' `0 e$ {+ w  Ehosted at
8 Z! P! \6 }- \2 E9 z+ ohttp://online.sagepub.com+ S2 N, {- ~5 E7 H4 w
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,! K- ^' B1 H# U5 D: U+ C/ I& ~9 x& j
is a significant concern for physicians. Central3 y" N, {3 v, G/ B$ s
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated" l" D9 j+ z/ S2 |" V! [) {
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
6 q7 `. H/ v: P: w" W, O# xa higher incidence of organic central nervous system
- G- b" e" N0 C$ V. l/ t% Wlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested- _/ b  d1 l5 E: m* L
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
; j  P5 Q$ \( {; I  Ohair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
% }; O) @" E+ r- h* C/ a7 ~4 b- Icles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
2 k$ K4 Y8 L3 X7 v0 Greport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the. l' E# ]7 t& a- b- {+ O' k% a
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
( V/ x+ x6 S, u1 m" E& xment without testicular enlargement, which was due
9 Q0 ^* {+ K6 H( x  Sto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by, z8 i- C; n7 S4 g5 \
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-  S* N  \$ s/ x
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this) K0 H6 `: H3 |9 d9 _
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
( h# ]4 L1 g7 e# g* utestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
! K5 M1 e0 K' _/ Gbly more common than the rare case report in the, q5 G: C% w" }
literature.4
: U8 x* W2 P+ H# c: Q7 p- `5 MPatient Report# R4 H2 l/ ~1 O5 C* ~+ Z3 U: E
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the1 }3 e# Q! N1 g1 y, l3 |2 B% @
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern' v' s: u: }" h; ~
of early sexual development. His mother noticed" `/ c1 q$ `8 X4 ?- w
light colored pubic hair development when he was3 l+ C8 z% B' n/ W' d
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of) G( p6 \+ }. T4 u
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama./ \  n4 z7 g, W" f
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
5 S% I2 Y/ J. {' \Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of, i0 i( f2 r/ E) @
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;3 Y' t8 ~! @7 i# T; k& f
e-mail: [email protected].4 m/ Y1 ~8 ?4 @8 v7 H
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became. J5 }' q0 y+ ^% o4 W4 f" s' S, X
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-) J7 ?  }- Z  Y8 n( y, u  A) p
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
9 p& s( r6 [8 o* L, j8 d  Jwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with& E3 r$ O* `, F8 P
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of! U$ P! @7 j. v% V
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
+ g& O# P" s* S" V1 R0 ~7 |1 oof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
; `! E6 a- ]  O$ `& v* _solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,, i- @" a& M( j5 }
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development/ _0 c' |5 n" @- K6 X$ [
was age appropriate.% Q- V# E( X# V& [4 p: w$ Y0 ?
The family history was remarkable for the father,
8 m5 a& w, O( l2 h  xwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,/ Y0 H" {3 O, [. A! O
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s( L! w& ~9 n* ?
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
( O) x% J& J6 I+ H& Bearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.* z  w. B5 Z* W
The father denied taking any other medication. The" l8 {- f. W, q
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche1 X! U" _8 O; M( N
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
$ n0 [- B% \5 i. |( @8 [5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-) i4 D, i7 ?5 s1 e2 _3 t" H
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
; h- s0 G! j+ |' c+ ftives. There were no siblings.
. ~$ b3 Y1 z) `Physical Examination# x7 }0 Q4 b* a* @, {1 j1 m
The physical examination revealed a very active,0 S5 O0 @8 y! a: ^: {
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented6 w/ }; U3 P9 I1 F6 F3 G+ a
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
4 O& n% x7 C- u* y90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg4 f& E0 m+ v- X
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
6 y  L; \8 t; q3 g0 [( f+ {velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of7 L6 ]3 P2 P9 f
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
$ m5 ]4 J. ?2 q; }8 G9 gThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for& `) E6 r! a* M6 p: ~  K& D
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of, M: u0 v! h5 E; x% N( @  R
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
8 D: e2 Q. D# w8 I; S( R( Tdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
# T8 J6 i% x4 B( x7 J5406 ?" p6 n( u8 j% n- q
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
2 u9 k" m8 f+ g  v) ^4 q& u5 qthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
4 [! _6 n' `; x/ ]0 s  e) j5 }testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
5 _# q% U4 u7 l+ w6 TThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat- N6 [/ m! z" {, n" ?# \% [1 _: w
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no2 s: E) `" T2 K2 z& B
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.  u- c7 u3 r9 v+ |) n
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
5 x4 g2 ]' M$ `. H, l8 ybilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion4 P' ^8 S" W+ b1 S
of papilledema.) T, d, N5 y: g
Laboratory Evaluation
$ z: [) v8 z7 P* w3 |3 WThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by: o% W) A& U  p9 U, w
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
: t! u: ^$ Z+ C( Hlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal7 w* J) {  Z6 x% ~  G/ M
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test- f" Q) J. i# E3 M0 [
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-% I; m1 b- k- O3 S- P8 P" ~
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).3 n; g: c: o0 X( J" I( \6 K
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood6 n) _: ~. n8 J' ?7 ?5 w
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
& g! |7 }( i# q$ _3 Z) Lwithin normal range for his age. The concentration4 H- x! o) [* Y5 `" L8 F4 O
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
  w3 m2 M% V% |! w(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
; U9 d: X) W5 @$ K6 `ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
  a; y$ f8 ^7 A3 ]- M; |6 Kterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
% r3 A  U9 P1 _: Y; B5 `desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
( V/ V/ o* S- h( \49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)" w$ }8 n" |. x
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-4 b* a& |9 Z8 K6 c. k$ t
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total: _& k: s# @% t, y+ e% u
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
: _3 f" |7 l( ~. j+ ~- ]and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
; F; f4 h' A7 U3 B% k3 T$ H' a& O5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
2 e% c* `, O$ m$ z; Wstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
* S* {6 v: z3 c) c/ K8 [; Oconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
5 r: Y2 J. o, Z+ m& g# _# P(prepubertal).
7 {! D! \: ~6 h6 o2 {' w8 {, y% R4 DThe parents were notified about the laboratory
" B. b+ M; ]! {* Qresults and were informed that all of the tests were
4 S% M' w* O) _5 F3 i! w( Gnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
* e; l. E/ O6 p, K! C' k* S) h. }follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to$ W3 ~: E3 x- y8 G. ?2 ~
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-! g8 D7 @+ ?- e: v' p1 G( q( U
ever, the family did not return for 4 months." D" e, e" [  g' x9 l
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
9 x: p' A  M( `4 Kchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
) _5 @2 I- S' O0 \; J# Z' f$ T2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
4 [' V; h9 I$ r% h$ o% _unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-! r8 H% P  x8 ^
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at5 B2 P3 B  O( j! }' W. e2 B- p
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 23 s& b* J) L9 I4 A- p  E
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
5 U% Q$ A$ P0 v& |! yThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-; e3 \+ [7 C) L4 T7 {' x7 j4 g
ing frequent erections.! L0 c! a3 Y$ u* W9 v! G2 B
Both parents were again questioned about use of
; _  y+ q6 i3 K& B/ l, Q  Lany ointment/creams that they may have applied to2 G4 Y- j  g; q( g4 T+ m: b
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the4 Z! c4 A# e+ L8 t/ |0 Y# e: _2 G2 W
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541% S  H6 p, E' e# W+ u7 o
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
5 U% W* s' T, {  p: ^( u& @ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for: c0 G0 e. x1 r% u+ N
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed4 B5 D! Z! C) E) W- a3 A
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-0 L; u7 B& n; x! w& F
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
$ B" g, q1 w& V4 F9 ?  Nsecondary to depression.
3 a0 p4 d7 \# S( S" yThe child slept in the same bed with parents.* ~; p$ O% W  T# a
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
) T" X1 R; a: [+ Echest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-7 ^' Q$ T) `4 i
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.4 z6 `  ]6 c+ l3 b& B
The father also admitted that after the phone call,, j( z: }; I7 O6 L5 I
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby: n& \, R, ]( K" }
was high, he then read the product information
! u: I! B! V  L$ M' xpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-3 D/ s7 i8 j1 r
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
6 @* n9 K- i6 j, l- `decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
' {7 _% M! ^! g' rfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
' e7 p4 }3 L: Ubeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
+ g, B2 @* K2 m0 t6 Q6 Otest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
- k  N* |$ v( D. d  \' P6 G: O/ Mlaboratory to obtain the test.
3 R$ G% O. y; w: u. f( o. qDiscussion
+ w) p4 ~3 j" ~+ s" u% IPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
! A# P# d. @4 _sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4( ^. d, Z3 Z' n2 G/ }1 Q1 `* ^
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
& h2 y2 C" L% Z$ [4 Pit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
3 _( @& R0 b' `) k+ Y, {) Pthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
8 k* i" O+ ^7 a, j( w% X/ Dmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
: S/ w  f7 N' c- }  Qmay have a central nervous system lesion that is1 `: M2 [. n4 f( J: o0 ]
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-" W! }& V5 {6 ?1 x$ F6 N  v+ _
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
) [! `9 q: l- t2 F; i4 \sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
0 U( a" r  k; V, }7 wboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
: m+ a4 n% p9 `ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-$ g8 F! r: Z, F4 P; h" K
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by, f: j4 X  g5 ~  u5 W
gonadotropins.1,34 D# v8 {# R4 ?2 m3 ?5 F
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-' |; x: O9 l0 O, `
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
0 x: J0 I7 s7 D- B- O: xandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or) X2 u' d0 [) v7 p  m, f
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-! A5 |7 J, Z' [% Y; H) w3 n2 R/ ?' r
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing4 X3 t) N# b. d+ K8 v8 ]" p
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
% R" N% l: n' \5 Q* g6 Tadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
3 |% w( `1 ~; F# T% ]. u2 O( Ppuberty in boys.3,46 y# b9 c! J, |$ A( J
The most common form of congenital adrenal
/ _* H0 K  ^4 E( X& l  Uhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.7 Y! k7 O7 \% C3 G5 W, D
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
0 ~! ~2 ?, a. }. Z5 Lexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
2 k0 N0 u0 T: \( Ran adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen/ R3 L- X& |( x- X
excess.1,3* V% b: Y3 D0 h+ K
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from" A, P0 \  g0 H0 d* S
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20070 p" ?8 }. H! O5 C7 {9 U4 R: \# r) T
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-# C4 P% |" K* S+ ?/ o1 N0 F% h7 s+ S
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
7 q( Q1 n4 y# Mas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
! m. q( E' S  ?0 H; J2 h# i2 Q1 Mvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
  a' T% Q/ C! P$ U3 W6 Zwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
6 n: n+ K7 C% s4 @1 o3 x% Rincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
# w% h/ @6 {$ ewith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
) C- E3 T  z$ y7 h* sare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
4 Z  e4 f' m$ }; s. f  _7 D* ypubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
+ B* \  D6 [' F4 W! Hreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
- ], m3 T# p: w3 T0 Nautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
1 d. E6 \- X* r) M2 Z/ [males; therefore, other male members of the family
7 O+ J" r. t6 J3 qmay have similar precocious puberty.33 {0 _, N* {& @$ M% s
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
) G$ i5 E1 B. t. i9 i, Isistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
$ x  n3 z7 f6 n. bcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis# j9 w: ^9 x" w4 ~
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
9 ?- n8 Q& S, f$ A+ x+ h/ ^* Pstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,. n/ i0 t, A7 o8 }( E
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
' A1 j) p+ A) ebeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-) p0 Z; Z/ _* _2 R8 A
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our6 Q- Q5 ~& c+ y3 p5 k
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
: L4 f6 F- U6 F* g1 y. ?+ B% leither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase2 `8 n3 h. w' D: v" S; ?& ]
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
7 t& l  p* C  [ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.7 r% K/ `2 g+ I' Q
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly" V- f) a' z4 z
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
/ z* o# A' S7 Othe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
- \. [$ j7 y. n5 E- S  X7 hpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
1 X' L* }/ O$ Rdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-, [  o/ m, K9 u; N' D
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was' l  a3 f) p; H& _
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
6 y0 C; e% i" @8 ]2 YDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
  `  ]1 F# u$ y- Wcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
2 s9 W# Y' p- U" Sunprotected females through direct skin exposure./ e2 D! n* Z7 }, b3 f
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
5 q/ a% C/ K3 e4 R# _3 ]4 u* }baseline value in those females who were exposed to
- m# r+ h, o# V7 x6 X/ g" }" K9 Neven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
) |9 g! j, c( f* m$ N& }) F5 O0 X' j' Xpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-+ q  X* x# Q; o0 D/ t
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
! U" y- L' A) hOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,/ C+ g* j  e$ H
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that* n- d1 g9 p  s9 `* v+ i% K9 E
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-. O1 C8 l1 {- k+ b, R
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more6 c6 k! y1 s3 t8 C3 q
active in young children exposed to testosterone( F9 ^. \7 A/ ]0 k3 e1 {
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-+ O5 U. l# s! w: `( t' F$ S
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
' l. Y* B) A6 g, k$ s" Cvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in+ w" M1 D+ E! r" u% B/ j: c+ u& [
children results in an increase in growth velocity and0 o: l2 Z: C, R. _0 f) H8 V
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
8 z4 |  d3 A( i4 bThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during2 q$ O, o# f$ d) F, z* D
early childhood on pubertal development and final
9 H0 Q7 N( d  N! e, Z- H$ w( g0 Ladult height are not fully known and always remain, u/ G* G3 m/ D) S$ v
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-: @% i: h, }6 g- J
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some# S; q/ H, R# L6 P) P1 R
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after9 m( O' ^5 O) f! q
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation/ E4 a2 c. J5 z7 I" B
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
9 P, c% S& g- g3 G! l- _There are conflicting reports and controversy
% B. Z0 i+ q" p; Z( Y, @% v8 pover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult$ a9 s0 L9 i7 F$ E5 a
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
9 F0 J' s4 U. ~* y- ~adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
! [: y2 J7 S5 culation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
' W; v5 s% \- BSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between( a7 t. |( {$ H
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult, i: H& @% \& z# r# z: j. t
penile length in clinical studies.
; ]6 T3 \: _7 w1 y7 Y% hNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is6 ~6 o3 q8 T7 U/ C6 \+ q
going to experience any of the untoward effects from8 J% o' j4 `% ^& [7 F3 z
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
2 Y/ Z2 X4 a; J# N; J# R6 Othe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.+ n. B  |8 D! o; h2 c& u
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
5 E' D" l1 o9 `5 d5 E  J9 @- Adiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
& n* y& x9 c! }the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult+ Q( _6 i! k1 k- m& m: B
height will not be affected.. i. I1 C1 ?2 I/ k& t. J% B
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
7 {) E; q0 f2 P3 N1 ?ability of androgen products in our society may! ]- |$ K7 l2 k/ w
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
5 ?" A0 V) h7 e1 W; u+ F7 T; Fchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
5 D( k0 ?  B; x5 \" w& S5 Q  fgen products must be considered and specific ques-
* a/ U; ?4 k5 ]$ a* c- y# Ytioning about the use of a testosterone product or
$ ^! a0 @! g! h: t# E# ~gel should be asked of the family members during
* U) o$ ]" l' Q/ H% e1 athe evaluation of any children who present with vir-$ A7 M' a' [3 l/ U' ^
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
. ~' n: p* q0 R- f* R! ?, znosis can be established by just a few tests and by8 |. n3 _1 j% N, [+ T; D) G
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
% M3 v$ j5 A+ fhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may" L9 f) M* `: j- D; S
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
/ b! O) K* g6 J5 Z7 t& a% v! finvestigation. The primary care physician should be
, p5 b" A8 p6 A; M0 kaware of this fact, because most of these children, y. D& Z( g9 x* K- d8 W7 {9 m
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’+ w* @4 v! N# r5 D2 Z2 W
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a; ^' }. X0 k8 b& p; |5 l
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
: }3 u  R. E; cfemale child who might come in contact with some-
1 p: [% Z. v7 I/ Gone using any of these products.
" e. k9 y4 s- ~% W6 Q( K1 WReferences. f" E7 ?/ f# @" l) |. i+ e
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
- m+ o( i4 K2 Y) u* _and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric2 o! V0 q/ C- b
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;, t  m1 @2 ^1 t3 ?- g. G' n
2002: 565-628.
8 P0 O# F% e! w2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
# y7 g1 s) q/ V: Wpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old/ t+ w/ t2 B! K$ E2 u7 k  y
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical$ i. Q: b4 [* O% N# j5 V6 r
Exposure to Testosterone
4 w- e5 e/ K! J2 eSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
: a9 l$ A4 `: x- y2 ]8 A0 ~( Fand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
8 h( W; w/ K1 h' @' dClinical Pediatrics
+ q1 v1 l/ n. n& FVolume 46 Number 6
! J& ?% W3 |9 M" YJuly 2007 540-5431 Y1 m4 z8 p, |' M# `* O$ }) A' r9 m
© 2007 Sage Publications4 T/ p3 C! p6 a& M' C
10.1177/0009922806296651' B8 T3 c' w; o; u0 A
http://clp.sagepub.com
' V# D- R3 L' X& a) d5 N( B; W) E1 Zhosted at- ?$ ~7 ^! y8 g3 n9 Z, j
http://online.sagepub.com
" n3 G5 |; @5 YPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,; U, [2 \( I6 l; ^0 J& G2 _
is a significant concern for physicians. Central" ^  z$ x' \: R* M; P  R, _9 E% H
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
% I  c! i) f& j' u; c; b" Ithrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
$ A8 A3 R7 c7 B. o  g3 ba higher incidence of organic central nervous system
- A- k# z2 b# [0 k! X0 e1 H: nlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
# S3 ^9 N( c9 K3 ~1 }3 Qby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
6 J' F0 J* ^8 u. X: [( ^hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-! \) w# R1 ^6 G" ^3 Q( S4 n3 y7 g
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We4 e" O: I% e9 C
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the) t2 G2 j7 z4 Q+ {9 v, e$ p
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
; e6 h9 S' G, R& j( Dment without testicular enlargement, which was due
' Q) e9 c* _! r+ f2 B$ S& Hto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by# T2 }' u$ d6 V' e' Z0 v
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
' ?# H7 t+ G3 z' @7 `7 Kmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this! j4 `/ D3 {4 u4 o' N; z" x
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
0 N. x- I4 u3 ~1 J! E4 Vtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-/ @9 Q" V5 l0 o' f  S0 n7 o+ u& ]7 m
bly more common than the rare case report in the
4 P! _7 e. J% \' Z* z) x) g, c% qliterature.4
9 S  a. F  ?  jPatient Report
3 I( {0 z: L- U0 s4 X9 {; j0 CA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
2 T* U* d3 i) D  k. Wendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
- C3 S6 a+ F/ \7 }3 v# k  L5 M' pof early sexual development. His mother noticed3 L7 |+ O% w/ K0 D1 f
light colored pubic hair development when he was
( [4 B) K* C% [' \From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
) A" ?* l$ I7 ?1 TSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
- T* F6 ]5 z  E3 p) [! t, iAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
9 V, d9 M5 \* I, v% nProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of& W- H4 j1 q+ r; A! f4 c: j
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;8 g! s% {5 @2 d/ q6 r6 B
e-mail: [email protected]." M$ e$ J( @1 G4 {' [
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became# ~, m) X% W9 P; \
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
* V# n+ Z7 h% ]  e$ ]5 m+ Hment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
- ^2 X. B0 |, E- k0 Nwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with4 P: Q! T2 t: G# @2 @. v
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
" X7 w0 o# N' M: l6 O20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
. P3 v% D  _+ ~! p: cof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
; S% ^6 W6 T' h* d% ~solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
! p% K1 r( q7 E! Z1 x% _and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
: `. R' A# q: B8 v; V/ Xwas age appropriate./ _+ j7 L  R8 r3 e5 z
The family history was remarkable for the father,
7 o' _1 E/ N6 [5 d- Twho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16," n; S+ b- Z. w6 K
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s, k0 p( ^3 L# ]1 l3 Y+ X
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
; g4 F& I5 [" L$ a$ uearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.$ U3 x# M0 ^. h5 M! d+ U
The father denied taking any other medication. The
8 `/ F; q# C, t3 X9 m( m, }child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche) b& S# n% ^- T/ n( U- ^4 o3 Y
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
9 I; v! o7 A. N6 `5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
8 W! H2 G* @" q5 bcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-  A& m; _. V. e' Q0 E$ Y0 y
tives. There were no siblings.! Z* @- @4 J6 u2 r
Physical Examination
: @( U1 }1 U% q) d4 Y' BThe physical examination revealed a very active,
8 S& m# {3 H' Y3 B' Gplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented9 Y; F6 C  @, N
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was0 {! i) t; J4 E! G0 |
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg/ O* ?$ q+ B) T8 d
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
$ K2 ]  l/ ^& s  x7 Pvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of! h% @( r3 m/ I
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
1 S  `6 l" h2 |5 f+ T2 P# HThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
" u9 `$ S. b! u: Q7 z4 A8 P( senlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of5 a" N1 l% g6 {/ Q0 a5 e3 e
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well! h) e' W9 F$ U$ _0 s' a) G
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
# d& R3 s6 l0 b3 o8 A" ?" |/ ?540
, R! e9 Z/ ^/ T3 o% X/ S) w& Xat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from7 S3 e  D5 h4 h) U
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
* f6 ?& I  |* Z% htesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.& t  w3 ~7 T: |& v: a  t/ Y2 W* r
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat6 r! Y$ x2 a/ k
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no  S. _3 S/ n9 g! q
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.5 @+ u8 Q, H! a* S% ~0 ?
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
- ^$ M* o/ |( L5 w- i, ?bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
4 c& ^3 N- x: E# P) |9 dof papilledema.
1 E9 l6 c: d" Y& _Laboratory Evaluation) M; y! m) L. f4 t$ Z
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by! W; A+ e9 \2 E8 m4 s, @( x
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
, E% F2 w% C7 d/ u1 }5 ologic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal. O/ Y: }% C" {5 e2 ?3 ~
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
' u+ |# m) D9 H4 t3 W' vshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-) [  h, w3 \, X
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).7 l; u6 o  K; F/ ]6 n
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood3 `# Q( f9 G" m0 }. ^8 j) o
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
; ]& z- }; a1 v: h$ D: b6 I( h- e1 H3 swithin normal range for his age. The concentration
! N) N% @/ ?8 jof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
# {+ }; X- b; c6 \/ p(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20. a5 g" E  U$ U0 Y- g
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
% x1 _  M; m( cterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),! Q7 t- Y/ a9 W( ~/ s
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
- D" H/ {  b# E* X& y/ f49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
# y; X- f; d0 |0 ~% k: Uwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-1 r) L9 J5 w: ~4 b; c
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
# l) k/ r' _8 [0 n5 ]testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
4 _, L: p5 r4 m7 O# _! P. eand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
' @4 @. g5 G. e3 ?- l. v5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
: c  G9 ?' A0 O. m9 l# ^% astimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone, ]- z) p! M- q8 e2 n% A$ F
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
* ^" i7 N" r( C- i6 R0 D(prepubertal).
) `% F6 V* L4 I9 T+ h3 f" \4 BThe parents were notified about the laboratory' n0 w" A6 W) M# ?; d
results and were informed that all of the tests were0 q9 ?  f1 @0 b) W
normal except the testosterone level was high. The) w1 o& O4 u8 \/ O$ c, h
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
. `  {# @% k. Y4 {obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
# r; C. L7 _, cever, the family did not return for 4 months.
6 f$ i- `$ {2 CPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
: x4 I4 n, j% ~  ]) h1 W( f) xchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained4 o% w3 }; Y4 P* j0 V( O6 j" v
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained$ H0 k! r8 B' q& B+ ]" ?* x
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
& X( o' u% U7 _8 s2 b  ^2 zpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
4 |% J& a. ?/ B! ^4 Q$ l" L8 Ithe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
7 R# A, u! o: b8 O, zmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
3 h+ n* x2 h+ J' RThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
/ g; _, N7 ^0 q! v/ E2 |ing frequent erections.
; F8 ?: s' N7 g% [" I* b' aBoth parents were again questioned about use of
6 d! f  _3 _! y  s2 D# Uany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
0 V. v* z: a  }* |the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the1 h0 |1 ^5 c1 T3 A2 ]# F
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
: e7 [& L# V) ~use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-* m9 \' u, x9 p" H% w0 @
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for2 h. N( z6 L! Q+ f! `. [7 Q. h! Y
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
) c2 f8 Q( [  A: d8 ], X: eto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
$ e0 s/ k/ c* H+ s2 Z, E/ i& Nscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
1 k  ^, Q. Y0 g* ^+ Q1 Y, [% d3 Zsecondary to depression.
1 p+ _9 W2 x% C- T6 p9 u* k/ SThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
/ ]8 ~8 X9 b+ J3 v% Q$ uThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his. O2 k4 \) K" v$ ]+ o$ f: ]# d
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
2 h9 ]+ {. e3 Vnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
4 J) E( }1 j- p, d) `1 k% Y' HThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
: [9 P9 C5 U8 A5 Q: E2 P8 p* q, }when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
3 ^0 ~/ l3 m* f  g8 Swas high, he then read the product information
: n- r2 B9 F. Dpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
' {$ X- U# v5 ^6 e* y! Ison for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
% K$ k7 `/ Q4 T, C+ T( ?decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
8 |" k! ^% {. J% X* u" Y7 }father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
5 J% I' }: |- |+ ?been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone6 ~( \( A4 v- x" ?2 q, F
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
2 [9 q( w7 `3 vlaboratory to obtain the test.9 B" p( b* V/ W8 H* d2 w4 R
Discussion
- b/ T' ?% n1 d8 N; I# V. ~Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
2 k4 `, [0 r  O, Fsexual development before 9 years of age.1,41 s& K( a+ i) z& D6 ~
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
, d2 k/ a9 t% ait is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
. l9 I) I: |, h0 Ythalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-7 f7 s& ]3 V1 v# z
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP; U; ~6 y" C$ z" Z/ P4 @
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
! s0 {3 ^+ L. a3 F% T7 _responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
$ i1 C7 I; d0 n$ x0 [* {9 y) Hamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-. R- F+ |4 Y- z( ~
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in; _- m! m, l/ o5 T% d+ o' \* X1 V% M
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-# o( n7 a3 W" W& C! C- r
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-4 i% G( f. R2 _/ Z, @: q! H
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by) I. w/ l' h6 h' \) Z  e( O  I; ^
gonadotropins.1,3
8 Y8 S- B% @7 V2 [! VGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-5 `) |2 n1 T' w) R
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
- M- l' L+ [. |+ Qandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
2 X; D- Q+ r5 R' }6 cexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
% w" a. v: G7 D) tulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
$ ^3 K4 V- m3 w: c1 \0 p( C8 Zcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive4 X- _8 m. v$ P' K1 G
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious- G" Q. `2 Y! {" t% b' h: ]
puberty in boys.3,4
9 A* i. J% X0 g5 nThe most common form of congenital adrenal0 r3 h3 w+ I8 x) s# j) c/ a: I
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
- i0 n) U& B# ?7 w7 ^, sThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in/ v4 P# l9 ~; \9 ~0 ~
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
" v0 ^7 O. b/ G: man adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen' `0 `. m0 q' G% p' f/ @# m6 c" S5 }
excess.1,3
. k9 W8 L( J# f* X1 F/ ~+ gat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
# v( ]0 J" F& ]$ G, @- F542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
. f' W0 R+ M" bA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
2 h6 R9 u3 O4 w6 oindependent precocious puberty, which is also known- J4 j9 H9 ]2 Y
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
9 U( G9 `5 r' [/ Z1 Z6 M. [very young age. The physical findings in these boys: z0 h. y: T7 i1 a
with this disorder are full pubertal development,2 C; l4 b+ M0 }! W$ U0 D
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
, `, v" P. Q& h0 R0 ywith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder: X7 D7 L. |0 m
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
) s$ O# z" ^0 e! }1 R8 lpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-; h- W; e$ C& C* k; B+ J
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
% r  u5 j( s2 U8 y" Z3 `$ Z) Pautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
: F( Q3 I/ q0 q1 p) L, f; tmales; therefore, other male members of the family" i4 A8 d  s6 m2 v
may have similar precocious puberty.3
4 }' z+ u& Q$ l, K6 b9 s. ?In our patient, physical examination was incon-
. t0 _3 @, l/ O5 V4 _9 B9 d: Bsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
+ v: M) Y. x  X% Wcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
' {7 M% s1 R" ^9 t  |was in the differential diagnosis because his father8 u2 ?& z& ?4 h4 J. t7 r7 ?
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,* r+ z, S. q: X* h( R+ k' `! [% {
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
, {5 y3 |" c" E8 p' n' f% \2 J& Qbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
4 R5 e8 b* d5 W% |' }1 Pative initial history of androgen exposure, our
/ b0 U3 D5 ~; V5 l8 U+ F1 obiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
4 K; J! @; q' D" Q! O( X4 _" s, [either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase& N: G( W$ T0 t, L  U2 T
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
* X+ i+ b, C  k8 l! n  D& n* R( S$ Ting the normal level of adrenal steroids.
- ]! w9 i. w$ P% P* ]The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
" T; Z- m4 V* J/ o$ h( _  {2 z0 bsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because7 Y5 m6 B9 o/ @
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
, Y  s; k9 u* O4 Ppearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and' R; n# X1 ~3 ~. }/ ^0 U9 _
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-( e* O/ O+ o+ z3 i
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was8 D9 m8 x3 R4 p
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
' t* I$ s5 u3 x( d3 S* F* z2 ^Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
8 _+ ~. w5 J8 h! [8 y. A' [6 Pcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
* U; W. t& n* X6 f7 i( Uunprotected females through direct skin exposure.% A% `5 g+ y, ~
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the7 U- |; ~' t) a. D1 u
baseline value in those females who were exposed to, n! r' T5 V" L* D* |- J% M7 r, G
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
) x/ M: s4 l3 L' B0 s3 kpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
1 i7 n, E" b6 o, Ption site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
3 p* h" x2 K: g1 }Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,1 x% Z: x- l/ m, _) n: G
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that" P2 G0 \2 ?' r3 }/ `+ p
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-+ g" s+ ~$ e0 ]
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
6 O+ D5 |: J! u% z' Uactive in young children exposed to testosterone
8 X$ j9 i7 B5 @2 t1 Z0 fexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-4 ]  A' N) C. F/ Z( W
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
' s3 O0 V" A$ u: m, a$ w, dvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
. L" z" d" ]  O: s0 m/ tchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and# r* k! `" a$ X$ W/ E- ^' b8 j7 o
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.% O! |6 H) \0 P* q6 s; j; d
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during  U- a! w1 x' d% }9 F  S
early childhood on pubertal development and final
* b5 A( y8 k: ^) b# O/ Zadult height are not fully known and always remain
7 t4 h; ~2 h) [8 X2 \$ ba concern. Children treated with short-term testos-+ }$ g4 h0 Q. x! {: O2 }5 [" t
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
1 x8 v+ B% t0 D0 A, B% Nacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
' Y0 S) u$ O) L* \cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
4 w& k( N8 X# c3 f7 k0 |: C' Wdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9: [9 T: ?, h! ^) I9 r$ N
There are conflicting reports and controversy
$ [( a8 ]& W/ U* d" o; xover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult8 I# b9 E" v$ X  i
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal4 \6 d3 V' ?! I% X1 o7 G
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-7 O* \9 Z- O5 S, f1 ], a8 P
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,( m/ _* y0 c6 R0 c2 \# F
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between' m4 r2 j0 S& F: ?
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult% K) Z2 z0 J4 Z* ^) j3 K9 p# d" l$ K# j
penile length in clinical studies.
6 X" y" l. n, X2 [/ WNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
! S3 s  w; N3 S# N; dgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from, b7 y9 }! l6 A& m! i+ U  n  |
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because$ o4 z4 Q! ?& u) J: ?
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
! d5 A' _, R7 u" T! n+ A- KAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
7 A3 R% F+ T% B# V2 y* fdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
6 D8 k. L$ t% E& B) q! G. sthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult$ t3 d# f7 q( T, L% `, m. u
height will not be affected.0 e6 U' k# o9 ]' P
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-/ B3 b) c- G" N, I" l/ B3 h1 ~7 B
ability of androgen products in our society may8 X/ S* O* P" t4 R2 X9 z
indeed cause more virilization in male or female! ?: w! j4 j2 h% |
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
0 m( m1 ~4 L. \, D$ R4 x3 m4 h! @gen products must be considered and specific ques-0 T* |" T: J, a* Q& ~
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
; {- v& O5 @. V' a% lgel should be asked of the family members during
! E% `, C2 L( g7 Gthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
; g0 L' ?8 {* x0 s" _$ Y! X9 \ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-9 t5 ?) g: g( l( k% ], w" P
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
- L9 Z7 U) d- f& z/ `0 _appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a2 w3 ~7 Q6 Q1 K+ C7 E9 r0 ?
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
# m9 Y: b0 a+ H6 X. F- R* ^; y- Zresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive. ]1 g, d2 b" o% l
investigation. The primary care physician should be" t% K3 T8 y0 @, m" u5 ^
aware of this fact, because most of these children! r/ i' `/ c/ t# l8 {
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
, [  t; D9 v( YDesk Reference and package insert should also put a$ }1 S- V/ K: E" L- P
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or+ [' j/ Q4 d. M  g
female child who might come in contact with some-
9 s1 }3 n# y* N& }, g( r& Qone using any of these products.6 G  M4 @1 M% ]. }
References4 }3 S3 r; ]1 k2 P  `8 k: [
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
0 y, g5 T. A$ f! y6 i! cand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric6 A1 f$ Y3 q+ S' i2 r+ t2 z
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;' N  ^* y1 g$ e8 R) E$ ^3 l
2002: 565-628.
2 ]! j9 ~  [, k  ~) J2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious7 v: V, f' f  M+ w7 K0 `
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
6 d1 K/ [2 }( q/ t) `$ y1 o+ b
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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