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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old4 o" Q' U& R9 ]# u, y8 b" `
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
6 `9 T" |7 w& W7 p% O; aExposure to Testosterone2 Z2 B, r  o9 U0 q+ N2 \
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
8 G* k) T: ]3 K0 [and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1! ?# ~& p$ B% K4 `" ?
Clinical Pediatrics" c6 A1 Y3 j, b) ^; [8 O  ~
Volume 46 Number 6
; R5 f: f, g+ Q$ iJuly 2007 540-543
8 ]% G% s7 b# n9 Q© 2007 Sage Publications' R, ~& ]- ?3 {. d5 l* Y
10.1177/0009922806296651
: f# z! r; P2 n5 k* |) Fhttp://clp.sagepub.com
& R  q  Y5 Q( p& ohosted at
! ^7 W' v) F$ N- Shttp://online.sagepub.com; N+ v5 B# ?0 D$ b* Z
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
' Y( x! q- |, z/ w; C3 o" lis a significant concern for physicians. Central* |% |9 o: R1 O% b2 z0 x7 `4 }
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
7 q+ L" P2 k! N# Ythrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
  p/ P9 O# Z9 M/ T5 ya higher incidence of organic central nervous system6 K4 V) g/ r& L9 F6 f' v
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
; A6 m7 J0 u+ Q: N+ Q9 jby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
0 c8 j% |) M0 j; V6 j2 ^hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-6 t; `% V# h, n3 F
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
9 g3 y% d% ~% J5 kreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the, C: ?% N- m1 O. I1 `, v# D
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
7 m; F# ~' P5 P: S0 R3 kment without testicular enlargement, which was due
  z( D7 @5 y3 ]6 V5 C* P! Xto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
/ c/ i# B* ^$ Y  ?9 D9 N9 x8 {the father. The family initially concealed this infor-' s8 E9 F- g* R# s6 n* ~
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
' b4 H8 Y1 ?  E1 [9 uchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
" z/ T% h* i; k  v3 o5 ]/ etestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-" f6 C' H: {% y
bly more common than the rare case report in the
+ @8 R* ]" B* c0 i, ~literature.4
+ l. B. _" j0 c  \Patient Report
' Z) V% D3 W) t) X0 e& ^# R3 ZA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
- u' \4 y$ \! {5 ]endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern6 _, d2 f. ]/ ]- E4 f' g! f
of early sexual development. His mother noticed: x7 e% N5 e9 s5 z# s4 t: s4 s
light colored pubic hair development when he was0 M5 L9 e: q2 \0 \& T" U2 E! B" V
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of, F' e: B8 J' K$ @
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
' H! X9 e  F# ^3 c% |5 f4 kAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
0 t" A7 X+ a. c" rProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
& H$ {0 ~( E! [2 n7 `! dMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
) t% @8 v  h" C3 ~6 ze-mail: [email protected].
5 F2 u) g2 Z+ dabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became& J' }3 F. p* {
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
: p% F- l: e0 G- V2 ]ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child2 x8 D( a5 q7 U4 l2 k
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with0 Y' N3 F9 d5 K/ Y$ _( s
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of' V* B+ i  ~0 p, r" n" F
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year/ I8 i: h& U; F2 V/ _8 |7 G# N: [" d
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with, A% j/ P, ]" g  \( h8 J9 C) g+ ^+ G
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,6 W; t, M' {# S5 K# w2 l1 T
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development: s. H" z& Y* \+ @: \4 C% I
was age appropriate.. Q* r0 \# C; I/ J
The family history was remarkable for the father,% k' e/ d  ]/ v, H, N" N
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,8 u3 r' A4 Q  J  Z
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s' g* f0 q2 t) s0 b: ^/ e
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
2 Q% @0 Z' I' w# f" oearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.+ q9 H) A9 ?. t5 c- N. G  ~
The father denied taking any other medication. The! z: i) I. Z- T0 c; Z
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche: y5 j; Q2 J. C  j3 J
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet  v+ C; ]0 {1 O( s
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-  D1 [% }+ U- I8 l: _5 |' o
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
2 e5 P) N4 |) z" ytives. There were no siblings.5 n: I6 L+ O' D6 i- E' k) K, v
Physical Examination4 R& O5 l! G- m- Y! y
The physical examination revealed a very active,. N4 M5 ~8 a" `
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented* C( O5 k1 _& w$ }2 B' c# J
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
# m! p! O7 N- U5 |/ m! ~8 E' d90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
$ Z% l' \' }. H& i! n. D3 b(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
8 j3 h0 D6 o* R- bvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
3 [# W/ l7 B! Qthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.6 A% c* u6 e- }, U! O4 u
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
* M" q+ N/ x- D% r* p1 N+ @& |" nenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
4 G) A6 I; p( S! V+ X' \8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well+ p. K9 L4 P# P$ P5 H! P* _, |
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
7 r6 N3 I1 A7 E. v, v5402 O. }1 z1 u5 L. [8 h+ L% l. \  Y
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from2 g9 N( H! Q! U+ @7 ^, P  ?
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
: p& D5 |" x8 Ktesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
; |% G( `6 g8 X( J) C! F7 bThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
4 p0 z( W0 ~( V9 P* F$ {oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
0 j* ?& K5 e* ]8 q7 u& Zabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.& Z. }3 l  q$ n) J+ E
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
$ I/ f: c- f( l/ i1 l% a+ Rbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion" }# ^5 c" q& X4 b$ x; R
of papilledema.8 H5 h% T" }0 O
Laboratory Evaluation
; x) D- k5 k7 @  G" {The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
2 Y% j9 M/ I: b+ g- Wusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
( D% g- {/ a: C% W- B7 W2 j& Wlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
- |1 \2 M& M: d; j) `karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
4 y5 V7 d/ _2 r* V! [showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
9 t- w. K6 j# l; [/ Vlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
8 N( D) I: z( i8 aThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
/ i6 x0 s: X) Z! Z$ {6 S+ ^urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
2 U3 n$ _3 m8 R$ \! j9 iwithin normal range for his age. The concentration% E! _/ D8 F9 ]% m7 t  s6 W
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL7 X5 t2 q; H2 G
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20' v& N- E( d4 c! M. \
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
5 ~/ S% ?# S. R0 A  B; yterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),- _0 f" q6 a- S! q
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to7 H# J- y' I2 p0 B8 L# d1 o
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)7 X: t5 n# S9 X  K
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-8 Q: r3 k  f$ K+ J
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
3 b# C* {8 a8 Ltestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
# j! z. F: e( P' iand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
" Z4 G4 u& n3 Y1 L/ {7 D5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
, j! t9 |" j' \2 astimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone. y1 Y- H# @# p/ D: X% l
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL: f8 |8 j: l$ e$ K
(prepubertal).' @$ E- I( Z4 M8 w! O
The parents were notified about the laboratory
& I# Z7 O8 d+ H7 v( Qresults and were informed that all of the tests were" H" ^, P6 n5 o( z
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
  N; _8 O; @' \, Q1 nfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
8 n" h$ ~4 ]3 g" k2 ~obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
9 e$ m7 D& L- S. m  p; Qever, the family did not return for 4 months.! F4 W& i0 ~; z8 g) B
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
9 ~) x1 U( V+ O) p3 v3 nchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
% H: [" j. }4 O- V2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained# g1 }7 A1 i( r. ]% h
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
+ W$ }- p& v$ j" g, S8 r6 }2 Hpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
4 A  Q" i( ~& {- o8 U! Athe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2. d, V* A  r, e& s5 {  G
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
8 _  H# J8 z; ~6 F+ ~The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
" t' m; r7 U: `  e, U- I2 uing frequent erections.
5 H  J5 \5 s- g. f2 g  c6 @Both parents were again questioned about use of8 Q6 i8 ?9 E' A
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to, _7 W$ f( N  A. _
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the( [4 j0 \! b; X/ b) N
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541+ A- O) ?5 j6 G
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
$ {( G# P. l0 L+ {ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
9 b; @8 n3 a9 o; x* J# v- c& T8 ea year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
& R: n( l' f& ]9 c* p5 a& s6 [to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
. q4 y- u( x8 k+ `8 n! Cscribed by his family physician for decreased libido9 U0 n4 M) ~, Z& L
secondary to depression.
4 K$ }1 d0 s# Z4 `4 ]3 UThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
, P1 N, S) a8 V+ H7 qThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his/ J- m3 t8 K/ ~0 y0 R7 f  |1 u
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-/ M0 d' T. f" w, ~! w, c4 I
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.9 P+ _2 O5 @. j  z3 T
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
, E  ^; O8 Z5 F! lwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby% w. t* W+ L# h7 ?0 ^/ k+ x2 @* S
was high, he then read the product information. c7 P8 k9 r: M  H# k9 ~% u
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-: w* P% S3 W8 _6 l' O: L8 `
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they/ L! n8 p5 e0 U7 [, l, H& Y: [* x$ q
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
& U7 V1 E7 E, y6 P! A6 tfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had$ X5 d+ w  o; r( a; {0 K7 |! l9 I
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
. s9 `' o, J( _" u3 p% Ctest was ordered, but the family did not go to the- U! J2 }0 T$ b9 K! d/ C
laboratory to obtain the test.- [- a8 t* M; d: E. G
Discussion% H) ]% m2 A$ U) L) u# m
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
( O1 C, \  V6 x$ asexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
/ |- |- L( Y2 t. CPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
. N( T' y( s5 S0 f4 ~3 W2 z$ Y1 d% d/ xit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-7 S0 @+ g- D2 L' |+ ~
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
) u/ ~  q  d4 r% y: I/ ?mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
2 t8 c1 P, U$ H! ~! Dmay have a central nervous system lesion that is6 o" F# J5 P5 i3 y+ E! X
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
$ n; X" e3 x, E. `amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-  B. `9 }" {' a8 y, J* q* c+ i
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
$ V! Q! l- ]2 o2 ~7 Lboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-6 W* g! k3 _8 [+ d/ y9 h
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
" I: ^  O$ i4 K; D0 m7 \rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by6 q5 O7 c$ I3 Y$ D4 F3 \
gonadotropins.1,33 }8 T, P5 S% L, \: T
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
1 i( h0 m6 U" R3 d( Jcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
* o# E% C3 [! h4 pandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or  C4 g3 n1 B3 ^
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
( q  I* C, f( ~# `% p" s. Fulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
1 _5 Y+ y( U9 Vcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
$ h1 w( c& o  E, ^adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
1 D- ?8 l, a5 P  X" M1 Z' v, h5 I; l$ qpuberty in boys.3,4' _4 ?" i- Z, D( y" x
The most common form of congenital adrenal
3 C( w: J' }+ `# ^hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
$ T2 \: h9 v. ?5 S  j' u* VThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in, F) u5 J% N& _6 \
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
6 {; X8 u1 V8 q2 L7 ]/ Dan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen$ s( d9 T. w: h  \; z% h6 |
excess.1,3
2 F- g- I  o) f3 W" |) {  j" ]at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
. I5 ~% L/ ?( U542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007; A6 P: I! {3 v* k; v
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
& |! U" R" m7 U; S- K) aindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
7 M6 l+ p% ~4 pas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
- T) F9 s3 n4 M$ @7 z& l( g6 gvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
0 ^/ n0 A* w- K% x2 `) zwith this disorder are full pubertal development,4 V" ?0 c& ]; b( {( K
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys; ~- L" c/ Q# W
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder( C( B4 h4 }- P( a# N
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show( z4 F9 y$ \. {9 y+ q4 v' S
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
: o+ e9 `" `3 Vreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
0 E; Q. B- ^8 p5 O) [5 T0 Pautosomal dominant disorder that affects only2 Y9 u8 I0 u. I
males; therefore, other male members of the family
* ^% g+ d5 A* f) V0 w7 U2 Imay have similar precocious puberty.38 {  M* s: n* j$ W  e4 N5 V% ^3 z' G5 w
In our patient, physical examination was incon-1 Y& D2 @# m; O) S6 o
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
+ [3 h% U  e  A% f. e  ?cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
: d# J! L& H' Z" Y& U4 ~1 y+ awas in the differential diagnosis because his father3 \" V' d" m' M+ ]6 A! e
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,' b( ]) I  ^& l+ z
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the7 c+ a, {: F; `' f* _8 {& n* C" Q. z
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
. R9 S; G# Y/ ?8 H% ?3 U0 aative initial history of androgen exposure, our
" ^) O# L( A- l8 v4 L: Dbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
; @/ r8 k4 Q% k+ e; C6 }either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
( T6 ?' w; B- b) y! d+ Adeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-% m3 u7 x8 O, s$ `6 n
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.( Z7 X8 X0 h4 c7 k# z
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
2 Q- d2 r8 u' R9 w$ T  {/ A. Msuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because$ V% ^- j8 G- k$ R# i6 s* ^4 e2 _9 Z
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-" `9 d  T1 N( [0 ~* c
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and. k+ u/ f" }+ ^6 Q3 X
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-* [1 \: g* f) X' x5 d
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was8 R+ O  b+ O& E3 F  }
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’) T7 G& K0 g! f
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
+ B0 N, P( N" V2 O: dcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
! q3 {' S) f0 ?( i: Funprotected females through direct skin exposure.$ L; E$ _* ?6 y: f9 X
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the7 W4 F+ T5 O' k/ J. T
baseline value in those females who were exposed to% ^; g/ F& ]' ]- k8 `- ^
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male/ W+ v5 b% u9 _+ \
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-! F% R3 u6 U6 E' V: x) [" E7 f. n; R
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
; C; D$ a) B0 x. |Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
; E9 e, ^8 Y% z$ e. cwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that" `, Q5 p; |, |6 u
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-! y6 F9 g0 B# v: U
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more. ^. |) x4 X1 f, c0 S
active in young children exposed to testosterone
4 J0 A7 l3 Y5 V; b' [  N- lexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-5 f( G1 Y! U% f# ^) |' w! @  U
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
: A3 M4 j) W4 E4 t/ m3 Uvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in  `' F: @3 B/ v0 H. ?  O+ o+ A% v9 e
children results in an increase in growth velocity and8 f( z4 q5 E1 H8 `& L
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.9 l+ U7 t* ]' O5 l* _  @0 _
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
0 E% H0 K9 _3 p1 t4 R8 ^. o$ fearly childhood on pubertal development and final$ q, a5 W! C5 |/ }5 |$ j
adult height are not fully known and always remain
+ o  a/ w8 p/ s+ Ya concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
5 s  T2 F: T% G# A7 i$ V2 Y# S4 I- ]. Jterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some% y3 c2 K, F% `+ o& R; g
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after- O/ P+ q( i4 x' c2 S, y
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation8 m, h* G- G# I$ v
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
7 ~% C9 b1 S: EThere are conflicting reports and controversy8 w9 _0 @: z& [9 u5 D. j
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult+ ?9 b# v6 z) @$ Y' O+ B' E
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal. r& I4 o; j- J3 c/ D# I
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
. r4 K9 t; k: k8 S7 j; B4 R* ]' kulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
" c  d3 {5 W- o6 m! g# ZSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
  }. |( Y4 i, P& X6 v! B- P! Lchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
9 Z: R8 Z0 Z4 mpenile length in clinical studies.0 n- G9 D# \& m: V- O: [
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is6 H% ~! K. ?- O/ r; P6 C8 r0 K
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
' y7 O6 f% O4 c8 i0 l8 T& itestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
# b: a7 M. H* x$ d! xthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time., f* A8 P# U# g' ~/ B" d* Z
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
! r9 H% G. J2 X! j! y' Q, Mdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at+ T4 t/ H4 s# S, a7 p
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
" K1 A! S; B' Kheight will not be affected.+ m- P4 p% Q3 T: `7 x: W
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-! m! }$ I1 I; p8 r9 _9 k# F
ability of androgen products in our society may
: Y& O, X+ d+ N8 w  i2 O7 Xindeed cause more virilization in male or female% f( g, Y+ B& O0 y6 Q( x, e- G  z
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
: a' e9 A. W: E& Sgen products must be considered and specific ques-
3 S2 A/ Y5 E, E, ]tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
( G( I2 z1 h" R' f) e8 w3 N; M7 Ngel should be asked of the family members during
" u' R# f# F, G0 H4 Vthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-% b6 U/ G! \! [' b1 e6 }: m  k" p
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-3 E( a7 d! G  n, y8 F
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by9 S* q) c+ ^/ B' ?/ x  [: m7 K
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a9 V; n7 e5 f! k/ _7 O  x
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may! k  z$ w7 o. F( X! k; J
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
) B. B7 h+ ~  Ainvestigation. The primary care physician should be/ T( C5 L- ?% l+ e! T( n
aware of this fact, because most of these children$ u) l8 j- u( |4 N; S" t" p
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’1 S  ]0 {2 s) T7 Q# }. a' Y/ z
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
# M0 U& [( o) E" dwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or8 h! ?. y' y; C" ^/ N4 g- Q! D
female child who might come in contact with some-) R5 N2 f# [7 y6 w; v) m$ y. _' }
one using any of these products.
. m2 I) r8 ?# d) V8 ]References# E+ H2 e6 a, O9 ?
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
/ r8 L, P2 m" D; h# b8 Z$ E3 Zand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric6 x2 B, ]# ]' n9 h# u3 r
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
$ p5 u% u, Q+ X. P2002: 565-628.; m1 @/ Y: K- ^5 }4 [
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious3 Z9 B# S: ^3 h& i  ]0 L4 Y2 T6 y
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
* U, @* H1 f, P$ ^. q) a$ ZBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
# F# j! i2 n. P2 L! b1 k- l7 n( g2 oExposure to Testosterone0 \, e) s0 {3 q: I' w' H4 d# l4 @
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2, U5 _# z  w% x- q
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD14 @; d1 T; v4 L
Clinical Pediatrics. h% m! C$ A$ e3 z4 r4 M* x6 H
Volume 46 Number 6
3 W% c, O3 }' ~* Y. w6 jJuly 2007 540-543
, v* G4 s7 `' r, q' ]+ s© 2007 Sage Publications$ r* U: y" I% c8 S; U( w
10.1177/0009922806296651- A9 W. p  x7 e! {) f8 p- U
http://clp.sagepub.com, l% g) ^* O' z8 [# y" _/ |
hosted at
% G# i4 _1 R3 \http://online.sagepub.com3 b5 x. t0 ~5 c
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,( J, l! p$ D6 T
is a significant concern for physicians. Central; x. B9 I) ~, i
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated( N* B" J4 R- U/ U3 v5 r8 l
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
+ a& p+ ]5 g: _+ ?; r- w- Ca higher incidence of organic central nervous system
2 C: t; T$ I, i5 u1 O) tlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
1 J' I4 n& r' w5 x& k8 f9 ^by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
# z  m8 F- O/ B' yhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
9 c% C' J( A, H* U( p) j; Ocles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We1 B5 s+ _& v9 r2 v) h2 c# V
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the" R5 ^5 }; V/ p, ]* v
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-% Z$ M& R* E1 m4 t) y  n; L# ^+ j
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due4 v& B" T3 o! r
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by: G, [8 c' _& N: p1 i3 G
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
9 e$ A- P1 ?* h9 k: nmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this8 |8 w/ @+ Q8 B- d& C
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of; V9 j+ v  c* l3 w/ }* l3 {
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
: E$ N5 A. Z4 r% x$ l% Sbly more common than the rare case report in the
" t, g% q* `, X$ S( \9 Fliterature.4/ X( {: d& I" d4 I" M
Patient Report5 }$ x$ W$ P: n' Q4 D
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
5 r3 X! I) e* f. h! m5 `endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
: ?, H. d; [* |, I$ Rof early sexual development. His mother noticed# Y2 h. f% v( Q+ K' z
light colored pubic hair development when he was, Q" y% y7 f1 A$ N. H. J9 L
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of5 {2 y8 o* D4 i2 q; N+ }: d/ A
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
+ ~* b# C" E) WAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE," G( n' |5 F- ?+ S' h
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of9 t9 N9 L* K% _3 Z4 P* ?, ~1 A
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
% Y! @: S; l1 `0 ?1 Y- c" r: ee-mail: [email protected].1 {6 }2 e9 [4 h) f+ B
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became( t' L9 K: D$ D# o: D1 x7 M+ x
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
# `+ U: {/ H3 _# j9 d/ wment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
& @5 T; u& u+ t3 z) ~8 m& [8 Dwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
' T8 s" P/ Z7 t/ ~a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of) J" l) ~, x/ o; ^5 A6 C/ Y6 u
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
9 x4 {& H0 V: ?6 e( bof life and was still receiving breast milk along with: f' P/ |; h2 y. s6 ~/ W# ~
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,2 T: }2 y1 q1 q
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development6 W* m( x4 E% f4 S. V
was age appropriate.
+ z; d4 G2 x/ p3 |& v( sThe family history was remarkable for the father,7 J( t  N5 U: t0 w# w0 K; v) j
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,+ z/ x" b5 B: u. H
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
& U  D2 r& J- Zheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
: f3 `9 \$ L+ Searly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.5 Y! y: I" V2 _  S- _; w6 f
The father denied taking any other medication. The
3 V  ~% w, [& U+ W: y. L  g: Jchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche. o% i9 A/ N; j% C2 {
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
2 H' t7 A7 f+ S. D5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
' z+ o, v5 Z/ O+ f, Icocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
6 r9 M  w: L8 t* v) w: S8 Wtives. There were no siblings." ^! f0 Z$ ]6 B5 T* Q. b6 ~0 V
Physical Examination4 ], b% a1 U, H+ z
The physical examination revealed a very active,: R; ~/ l$ V  A- w6 e# @
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
* r5 F+ A3 t) @3 o! da blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
# K$ U* b* j+ I" x: |, K90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
" w+ Z3 I9 }. |" G5 s(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth+ m/ Q# G. D/ ~5 @3 ~4 V
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of% e  |# s: j+ P3 n+ d: N7 l8 ]
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.* R0 s: M, Q, X+ y" [# W+ ^
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
; @6 ~$ Z) c) W8 E( T, p+ u( Oenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of% m: Y% g0 b4 h$ Z0 u
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well5 |9 r! v9 R" N$ s6 g. d# Y
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around9 `# z# |, g# ~" d9 }+ u
540
+ @0 n6 D* h; w8 W; _( hat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
- G3 \6 y4 ?% A4 X+ ?/ O& lthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
: N* s; L2 Y4 Z  F% U; w: {testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
0 l/ w; U+ y+ Z: \% t3 e  nThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
; W* Q9 H6 S0 R$ g! z1 doily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no4 t; E+ ]7 h  n0 o4 R8 j& ]( ^
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
5 {$ B. }8 |+ r  r# V, y6 tNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+2 ~4 P+ j' _, }; h% K1 G+ Y
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion; ^9 _6 s& p( `
of papilledema.
) C( S7 }( d" N  QLaboratory Evaluation2 R6 r8 [; W  ~8 e3 U" Y
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
! m: Y4 n/ i4 @) s* fusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
# f. M6 Y! }3 p5 Plogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
3 c! g1 C) _3 D$ d0 s4 O# Vkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
* k5 c' |# |% ?5 e( Y) Lshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
& g3 i  k4 i. R9 F# qlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
. ^- d& l6 J0 J; x& L( iThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
7 u4 C& m1 v2 Z$ B; Xurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were$ g5 s7 S! P+ X5 l$ j' h
within normal range for his age. The concentration2 r% G" j% ^$ ~% ^/ \
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
2 ?6 H+ Y; m; ?' `(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
" {0 O6 k( C8 g, l  \: \% lng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
3 u& g1 [  [# mterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
/ Y* j2 D: \4 v+ R4 n" idesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to9 p2 y7 J3 y& O7 _6 B4 j  c; s
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)) x. `3 k6 g/ V' i  k' U, @
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-* d& P  @( p  G3 b: A' e/ U
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total( e/ Z/ m% p5 u7 u$ _# E
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
3 p' a- h2 |- P5 a1 t6 G, band β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
+ V5 z2 w& F& t6 {/ ]5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular+ M3 }" e0 }7 X$ B  [6 I( U
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
' H  A1 z6 o7 }' @2 z: q: {concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
7 n* q! K' d/ d7 i% R! n% x; E: r& F(prepubertal).3 J* ?, y7 N3 b1 d
The parents were notified about the laboratory
$ b& n+ U! i4 b1 M4 e7 ~results and were informed that all of the tests were7 j5 Y3 z0 b* _6 V% }8 a
normal except the testosterone level was high. The' L3 ?1 D" [8 R; j2 ^
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
' Y6 V8 N! ^4 [4 qobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-: ]$ F5 N# e( C2 X. Q  A
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.' \" D. F8 r$ G
Physical examination at this time revealed that the, t: m3 L' l0 _: {  ~
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained# ]$ g! |' U8 _# a0 H. n( S0 m! P
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained% B' x: @1 K4 A, y( W6 Q2 n
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
1 O; C9 ], ^  P2 m* Mpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at: e/ a4 J* U) J. s  X. {
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
4 X4 [4 q( I7 |# n' emL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.3 X6 A5 ^% n$ Q2 ?" c0 X  H; X5 O
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
3 J$ E( ~) F8 d* a8 l" fing frequent erections.
% j5 Q! j2 x0 |/ J% e3 _9 xBoth parents were again questioned about use of3 J! B. V$ q+ I$ m
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
) g. H  J* x. |0 l; `the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the, w/ s4 w: E9 }7 m
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
- p. |# i3 I) d0 @+ K% s2 Guse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
; b- ^" R" o! _7 j  f" j; {9 Ring over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
, g! ?) p; c# q' e! t1 Za year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
' c- f# v6 H! M! X5 V, T5 ?to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-/ U8 C( b8 j* p7 O. T
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
1 N( n2 V! i+ ?% X# E+ d9 Wsecondary to depression.
6 B  y! G1 n6 Y. fThe child slept in the same bed with parents.; G) U  Z' ^+ O% @8 d0 J' y
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his$ I+ q* h- D# B" N6 e1 {) C
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
. e: A5 o. x3 R' _) H' J  x; o/ a3 S, hnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.1 Q% V1 G$ t/ K
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
' u# _/ s! {9 l# }when he learned the testosterone level in the baby% Z- E4 x; Q, i7 f& x
was high, he then read the product information" j9 l  v4 C; }
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-+ ^7 n" v+ \4 Z
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they3 d6 z2 l" y% Y
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
2 ?( G  n4 F$ Cfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had2 f6 M2 X3 f1 t7 _4 l" p1 l
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone  {# J7 G9 \) j8 i9 ?
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the' Y7 p  K4 P* t5 s
laboratory to obtain the test.
9 u$ M, T- y! I6 D/ W% YDiscussion5 b1 @" }, y9 @: f1 H5 t
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary% }- L' E: G( s
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,45 H/ y/ ?. o3 J
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when' O# P; M, R; q! X
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-/ a: M8 A9 P# V6 u' T6 Y
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-5 O/ I# h: ?: l) B; Z
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
3 X: h9 ~% K% _2 j/ \" [may have a central nervous system lesion that is; n9 w- I/ D$ v. _5 m
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
8 d' F! J  D2 h' n8 I4 Gamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-& W- e: R, E% l7 w5 a2 R9 d5 ?
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
3 T3 j' D9 Z6 n) j2 a: rboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-5 `9 p/ f7 P$ I& ]7 b* q; D+ R
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
: X# @& g: x) v; U1 k% y# n/ T$ |. urical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
' c! N' R( B  t$ f9 W2 N1 s0 r. Ngonadotropins.1,3* ^0 F8 W1 ?2 p& X7 }' H* E
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-" a& T2 I: s7 h8 E+ Q7 {4 U1 N
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
1 h* f7 B: P/ C* o& aandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or0 E* ?) R: ]) y' p
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-& P! k* S0 T9 M
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing: J' M9 G; o- F5 V$ x% @, E
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive" ?5 S$ e1 u; M# D' |( _
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
  l( y; w. F2 T: k3 B2 g4 Xpuberty in boys.3,4
* W- i% U* ]: `The most common form of congenital adrenal
" t) ?* t5 Z" L& Q+ Qhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.& n! M* z7 A4 g+ W1 p8 y7 N/ R
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
6 R& n" f. S  P1 ?1 b7 P1 g( I6 r1 Yexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
' x' @; i/ ^4 e0 Zan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen; i! v) w. v# D" w$ U# ?) |5 v
excess.1,3! p( v! f9 l/ @% }# u6 M. S2 S* ^0 b
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from! J& s( `/ B' S$ x# y
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
# }/ u% {/ W  ]% `, kA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-! R( W1 I: F' z0 _- L  \! C
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
9 y3 K" x* n1 L2 o& D% ^as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a. A5 y! ~7 J9 y
very young age. The physical findings in these boys* u/ Q0 x3 r  W4 d
with this disorder are full pubertal development,' T* g. C" k) T
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys/ |$ Y" P! k, w7 Q* f
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
) U( q/ _% R$ O: z& qare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
* U: K; m5 H6 S  R; V% P- W. ipubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
: g3 C2 R: r9 F& I2 i( J" [: j8 Y) lreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked" S& E" p- M; F! }" |
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only! D4 B) L( l  P$ t+ P9 m
males; therefore, other male members of the family
) [- h  c" i( f- R' @1 ymay have similar precocious puberty.3
" O2 {; `" G' Z  n4 K! D7 ZIn our patient, physical examination was incon-/ H0 B% N# _, B8 o2 r9 z
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
. M" ^7 ]# ^; y! _$ [5 I5 zcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis- W) `. `4 w; D9 O2 L1 p2 E" U
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
3 }. |' R! f$ v, ?started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
6 K. h1 H  V9 T/ P3 U4 ltesticular enlargement is not that evident in the5 T3 `) b0 b; v0 v$ A( [' [( S  }
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
& _' U# s$ |+ z7 }ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
& C* G  E' U4 {$ \biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,/ [/ h$ L# q! W* T' E
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
! r' h4 e0 Y- L' Q6 m( X7 Bdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-# \. S  G; l  G; K$ C2 ]( q
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
3 d, b9 U" r& [# o) M- OThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
6 }7 [. X3 p; Ususpected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
, @$ b2 m3 v" T7 bthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
$ Q& A; M7 t! E+ j8 _pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
4 J9 w' N3 C* _3 u/ m  b9 Adecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
; y; j8 s2 Z4 ?1 M+ c- {0 mterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
8 v3 a# A! k7 I% n; gusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
! U& y6 x2 n% Y/ e( }1 lDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or& G) O5 n; w# g
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to& t% K& L6 y, t; O' q- p
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
% d8 t7 v' _$ I4 x3 X% E8 cSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
9 K3 {' L5 N# m4 G- sbaseline value in those females who were exposed to  A4 R* e, V% n- v# Z* c; W2 ^
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male) j. \9 q* U$ L6 {
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
) Y* J8 M1 t; F" Btion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
0 a: t+ O  f4 |4 T9 UOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
4 [7 k6 R+ M7 `8 d* dwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that3 X9 V8 l. G, ^; ~) a
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
8 U! h- i: j2 I! Tterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
& l, F% Q) E3 `, ^  H' u# iactive in young children exposed to testosterone$ `5 \9 H& h1 Y2 g) [
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
( f9 {6 `* Y3 I8 `9 G% t. Q3 [drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to0 h+ T5 I$ u; _/ J! R8 X/ Y
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
8 f$ n9 }4 S2 @6 Schildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
/ M0 H$ s! a1 \! X+ dadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.2 @2 t& @& N/ Z: w
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
' t! q  P# m/ u9 i% J* qearly childhood on pubertal development and final( T/ E. a) A# w
adult height are not fully known and always remain+ \+ P3 o3 M+ W5 `/ O0 r* P* @
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-+ O; U7 F) ^: E4 _$ s, t
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
/ c, C8 Z; w# L5 t/ z, ?$ R. Qacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after' N' b3 F' ^6 _2 }, G5 b/ O3 f
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation- m- r7 a4 L. C4 S7 I4 b' c
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9" ~& s' }5 a8 z
There are conflicting reports and controversy
. c7 X) T# |2 X- [over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
$ Z9 a( F0 G, V- H5 g# D# zpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
* e' Q# w+ Z0 N* W# [, D4 Ladult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
" \/ A5 B% o& S* Pulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,* R9 {+ f9 J4 U8 n& i
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
" `: S3 e/ G0 @% b  @childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult* b( T; q+ p% ~  `* d& q
penile length in clinical studies.6 a( e3 F6 z2 `+ r% `4 `' h
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is3 o- ^' ?2 L# J4 G3 V1 r" q
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
, j+ P: b' X( s' u1 |/ ~, ?testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because% ~3 X! F  M. r/ m9 F2 o
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.4 ^7 U5 {, [) ~6 \
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
: D2 M$ E( p6 Zdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at9 W9 w4 u& l  Z+ ~+ z4 h
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
( K1 L- T; z; L( |height will not be affected./ D; w1 k" K2 g7 q4 D
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-7 q7 j" a6 m/ y5 T
ability of androgen products in our society may
1 S) R0 W8 P/ Nindeed cause more virilization in male or female
- q! t! a9 ?9 J7 S2 bchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
" _9 }  y2 i2 H0 ^7 y* z4 bgen products must be considered and specific ques-
- a" q; Q! N. \' dtioning about the use of a testosterone product or6 |. O2 P% X) W( P  v8 N% O
gel should be asked of the family members during
) b: o* A. Y6 Vthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-3 s* ~. F2 g2 T8 m+ @
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-9 p& U- W: H* D+ A/ L5 z
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
! g/ L& h+ @- O; E* happropriate history. The inability to obtain such a4 Q' x; b1 O9 W8 S( d
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
! K+ \6 v+ [+ cresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive  p: {$ p! ~, D7 `1 S
investigation. The primary care physician should be  h/ S5 t3 w0 A3 {
aware of this fact, because most of these children
4 Q$ {6 L' A8 rmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’( v, }6 {* C' a3 {
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
1 y9 x) f# [7 Y/ a1 F" |warning about the virilizing effect on a male or% V% r5 C/ |' l2 |
female child who might come in contact with some-# H( e2 D: J- g
one using any of these products.
( v; M- M% _# j6 |1 c8 R: |$ E/ WReferences' V/ }! y5 f: D) V, y. |
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
. C! V- ?) e/ W+ I1 d. Kand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric5 U0 s# }. n/ r( R3 d
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;' K3 w0 X% H6 q, z6 n* b
2002: 565-628.
1 l/ @8 t) _% S$ J- ~8 }9 ?. x2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious: H" y- H+ t/ n" T  L4 F
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
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發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点

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發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
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發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

8 E8 ]. k& _6 D% F( m精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!

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發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
 分享同時學會感恩,一句感謝的話語,就是最大的支持!  歡迎交流討論
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