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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
6 @8 S) \3 w5 z1 DBoy Induced by Indirect Topical' Z- {8 | Y G9 C: J) b. o; r- P
Exposure to Testosterone
' P7 M1 v( T$ X3 M, ySamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2) `2 V5 k: F9 V( ^
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
. ?9 @1 v2 U$ L# ?0 ?, vClinical Pediatrics
0 d" |9 G- f* g; dVolume 46 Number 6
+ }. x1 c1 b7 y. O/ _: c4 i$ gJuly 2007 540-543
, e6 \3 b( I. L# @# ?© 2007 Sage Publications
T7 ^8 p& `$ |8 K10.1177/00099228062966516 f0 O6 @0 K+ J- w/ d2 V5 e: l
http://clp.sagepub.com
9 N* \) T: B' p3 Q0 lhosted at- J' f, N8 y/ G) O# y2 J! r4 |! n
http://online.sagepub.com
/ U$ C- g- `# ` F& D% `4 J0 ]Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
" {! u! U/ z" f3 k$ vis a significant concern for physicians. Central
) ]/ u7 f/ f4 }2 v0 |precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated% J( a! T7 i5 l7 k/ c
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
! ~1 P9 y' S: E1 Ga higher incidence of organic central nervous system
0 D% E1 h( l# V. b' @8 Llesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested% e( i4 l& ?, ?5 F( y
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic% M: c& W2 d' ]" o) y3 ^0 ^2 J
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-* _" f- Q# G5 O4 z K) b* ?
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We6 i& F" D( u E; G; V% p6 I- y
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the# M" M" w6 D! M) T! j1 e8 C o0 z
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
+ @5 ?1 r- ?, }0 h2 Ament without testicular enlargement, which was due
/ \. ~. g: U( u# `to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
* K9 ]9 v& ^; l# c/ L, U7 [the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
' u/ [' k: d2 e: k/ H; U/ gmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
6 Q( y# C- K1 S# m. c* t1 p3 Cchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
& D; m- B- [2 s' y8 u5 J+ h0 {testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-: U% L/ I3 j) H# B1 v! X8 t
bly more common than the rare case report in the1 \/ d! b% L& \7 W" x0 Z) n& e2 @5 e
literature.4; u3 S2 s9 k& x; G) h, z: ~1 H: L
Patient Report
, d @6 h# [( B! ?" x/ i* F; |A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
: i. q. W+ P2 r9 g/ {# @7 P5 H( Cendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
; e$ N2 L2 e* m3 z2 N' ^of early sexual development. His mother noticed; a* U9 z Y m7 |% d
light colored pubic hair development when he was# p9 X- R2 @- T4 _
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
f/ ~( r8 a* i7 U; b5 h3 c& uSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
: e% u& S: D$ E2 z3 a7 s+ FAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
m2 a! M1 D) _Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
) [2 q C2 t$ Z! pMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
{9 }& ]3 \1 M& O( Me-mail: [email protected].) \, y# X6 |, K2 W; ?- ^/ N$ f
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
/ S! A5 ?2 |3 H( k: a5 C$ s; Rdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-' R: o' J! A. }% A* ^0 `$ z7 T/ Z' S
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child/ u$ s) y$ S, ?) O/ Z9 F7 R
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with, v4 A: S1 o" P
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of" O* q* [( y, y& H% F5 N3 L2 M- ]
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
, l; Z5 |$ q) B1 d$ C& Xof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
) E0 h, l5 f( A6 R1 _" G+ S4 ?solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,: Z: N9 w( I8 G! S) F% t
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
# V! t2 x P' h9 \5 c' Q; H( M8 ^# z7 K. cwas age appropriate.9 n. V' x, y2 g8 K" R3 N# S
The family history was remarkable for the father,
/ _. r' h% A* H. W0 }- _who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
0 P" c* g$ G, [( }2 Y$ |4 Y0 Hwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
6 Z' P& m# R! L3 ]& q `) jheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
7 d3 w( h! A$ e$ n; M# Zearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.; h* |" n( }% q* U$ i; R' p) t
The father denied taking any other medication. The
2 M9 A" H& V! z& e% i. B7 Achild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
& @8 A4 b0 P% M/ N# T, v+ Pwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet: ?0 `6 z% j9 W% w" q
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
) q! B8 t+ b# L6 s' }8 N4 Hcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-& b p8 a. |$ u8 ]/ y+ _0 ?
tives. There were no siblings.
5 c; p- w* p- L% GPhysical Examination6 D" f0 A0 D% n; K' W2 |
The physical examination revealed a very active,
4 T3 B0 V7 h5 e/ J$ ]% z: O( ]* B% Y. tplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
; y( v7 h& q/ p9 la blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was6 l; X; e! l' q; @" }5 w% n
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
1 `$ E, k& A+ e7 \5 r3 [" U(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth* R' s: Y: V1 J
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
7 q9 ]' D$ X1 S8 h, ethe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement., Y% R a' Q1 X2 @
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
$ l* i: _' ?6 wenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
* ^# T" K' |- r5 d8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
: Y4 S* s0 `* T. R/ n# mdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
$ W q; ~% e, i( A540
6 x) M& N% c5 y$ Y; `1 ~. v7 s) Eat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from8 z( Y; y3 y8 S2 [2 h- |! Y
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
9 C; f: ]& v( r4 T, Ftesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
6 ]9 h$ ]% [& ]8 D' n: UThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
) N) T) Z1 u" r, S' \9 @8 qoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no6 ~2 q( K0 J p$ }
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
' z; N" r% n0 YNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+5 E# A" R7 q) _) Z+ J C
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion# _6 x/ ?$ V9 F) U2 }
of papilledema./ \ i: N( e+ _
Laboratory Evaluation
4 V5 P- l( q& q1 f; A' k1 zThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
7 E S" J1 P6 i# w i$ cusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-" j! L2 b$ _3 t4 r+ X/ d
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal& d i0 C! z3 D+ T1 Y- U' k
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test9 }. e5 p7 G0 J/ z9 }
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
p. [1 l3 v, U* ]! O8 ?& ~2 ^lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
+ b) @) C+ C7 O/ R/ v( i! MThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
+ j+ X/ F, ~7 E. O7 nurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were% {8 U' ~2 p. c4 N
within normal range for his age. The concentration
# s6 P7 _8 E Bof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL: d. I0 |' U; C
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
5 [ M* y9 i; ~0 L$ |4 }2 n0 E; _ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-9 Y* R3 \: p6 F7 V" C1 K
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
7 j( \5 e# o- d' b$ adesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to6 \8 b6 C& v1 z! I
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S). P% d, ], j# _, l$ M6 C
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
: H6 Y# ^; l; R$ s3 ?! w* Ltisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
( u" K3 W, V+ V. w$ Rtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),2 [1 h5 O- _$ x
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
[3 Y/ k+ ~0 E5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
% v3 G2 W$ T; s. {0 V7 z5 g: b- V5 Cstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone* t, @: b# ^& x) k f
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
, {$ q+ g5 R, R& W3 }3 ^+ j- w(prepubertal).+ O& T6 K; y* y! U# x q
The parents were notified about the laboratory
/ e3 p( e# z9 }6 uresults and were informed that all of the tests were) q7 M' }: K8 N/ N( l. h% @
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
( ?2 ?( Y! n0 j" V3 sfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to% X3 `7 z+ S) g6 c \3 `
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
) j. e! L, w* l N' @4 cever, the family did not return for 4 months.
) X8 i7 @+ k4 {" gPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
1 i( \. ^5 R& c" qchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
! v9 U8 J+ x) u0 p& X, j& O" G) P3 p2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
5 q" T/ T9 p7 b. i' G% m) J% x5 Funchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com- O* O5 x6 e) @7 y
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at; o# A4 k" q* J7 a4 E" v0 T* {
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 21 j+ o- M, Y1 D( g9 D, P$ D
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.5 P P. e' z- R& I
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-, m6 ]1 v& O" N* f$ `, o2 a) r1 ?9 A) r
ing frequent erections." G" C7 s5 {4 F0 G* g* F
Both parents were again questioned about use of
$ Z: X1 V8 B; c1 n$ Rany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
2 B, Y; f% v2 Y4 ~' q9 |5 nthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
; Y0 j$ k0 Z3 H! F* t/ D" oTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
7 o. ~! ?) y& h% {, Quse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-& n* j( }" K" A6 w4 a
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
$ G% q G5 k$ q0 _, V, `a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
4 y6 d# g' `+ u+ K5 Tto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
' I. c' r/ D; j9 mscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
1 n& r. O3 ^# T! r: I# @secondary to depression.! |0 }9 K, x' s$ E0 g5 w2 _$ F
The child slept in the same bed with parents.+ U9 U; @8 {- r% k7 h( y
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
) o7 Y# t( o" ~, Fchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-/ B& O* V: B1 A" m
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.' z5 z! C4 \1 ?
The father also admitted that after the phone call,8 o9 |7 Z( j* Z8 K5 I/ J) f
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby/ E1 _, [8 x9 x$ E7 b
was high, he then read the product information3 u7 ?) @( U0 x( U, g4 k
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-3 J' }; t- C+ r6 v% K1 W
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
- p- a. U6 H6 B8 `! e$ E# A/ r: I: edecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the0 `( z, q$ U* `7 o+ y, s) K6 R- m
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
& M/ Z+ E0 d( `" _* Ybeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone* i Q0 L3 W. q
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the$ u' p7 m, V" E7 K3 N# I
laboratory to obtain the test.
5 C( E2 {' ]# J3 g: R7 _* Y3 p' d; cDiscussion
1 h8 M6 B5 J! C3 c6 FPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary. j: V- z! Z m Y9 }+ d1 ~
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
: ]% G K1 x+ F6 ?, mPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when( B$ x. ~1 _5 G! D4 t( p, m
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
& Y6 l8 G0 o# R- r' S- othalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
( O8 }, }4 Y9 umon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
: o* d7 G# e% hmay have a central nervous system lesion that is* i/ Q% z& K3 @5 A
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
6 n+ U2 i; W- P' ?. R" j5 w- `amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
% {" l# t' W0 I# C6 {' g( Fsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in1 w5 H8 p2 @; G4 b( M
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-' N8 u5 n6 N$ L! t
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
5 I/ w' ?1 B' p! j% l9 }rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by% t2 [& x& t3 i3 o9 C$ M% `
gonadotropins.1,34 X! h" ~8 z7 f4 ~0 G
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-/ F8 p$ C: h* a
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate) W- `0 d8 v0 T$ N6 o* P
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or4 x" }* A% n1 r; H
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-# @ Z( S q& ?* h- n) L
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
: d0 H1 ~" @; T* ?% C* gcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
" n1 i# P6 `9 s* l5 x6 ~ radrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious& M& V' n, k% o$ x) d2 y, `- M
puberty in boys.3,4# x+ \7 i: L/ [, [
The most common form of congenital adrenal
- H: b! R3 ?! J: b6 P+ A" j7 nhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
9 K' k" ]) \4 R& S9 b$ ~9 ^The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in7 U/ O# E) P0 y6 Z$ ^, x
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,9 P+ N. ]5 w' ?( p3 h# c
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
" u) N$ V) y0 J+ q( pexcess.1,3. S6 Z) D) j4 C5 c( |, z8 p# E
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
6 T* |7 y# i3 w, Y S542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
" D* x1 `/ T1 f. _1 cA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-. v3 M( A: H9 t m$ D; d
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
% A# ^3 K8 |4 O4 U) @as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
$ R( W. F& q v3 P/ u6 }5 w2 Lvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
3 s4 A2 h1 [& y& wwith this disorder are full pubertal development,! v$ n' i9 O: \+ R
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
' m" W, V! `6 u- x: P* V# o# ]with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
, h9 q1 U* A' u5 a$ g! i: Fare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show# i$ D0 }* B+ q4 O, P3 ?9 }
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-# N1 E1 v# x# w9 q: A* [
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked: K) ?- o: x/ S5 }2 T# b
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
' m% ~( G3 z+ e9 F) p" Jmales; therefore, other male members of the family
; c- ^9 t8 G H' U* N! P0 Emay have similar precocious puberty.3" i7 d4 U0 q) S& ^. \+ n# y. j
In our patient, physical examination was incon-9 e0 A j1 R& K3 q4 T
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-% s6 @9 b2 \* p4 V
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
9 K% d+ F3 a Twas in the differential diagnosis because his father* Q5 ?- a4 w3 }" N; h
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,! P! K" a7 ]4 T; k! Q* {1 F/ l! K
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the0 ]6 h' k5 X" c" \0 z
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-! W& y' W2 p* l' r* v
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our+ d4 Q6 a$ a% T
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
, H( F' N! E2 h. m w2 ] Peither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase7 k' ~8 d& U( K+ b8 \ S0 ^
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-3 h2 J5 h, P7 l% w* R
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.4 s8 ~% e, l Z" }5 L
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
* u! A; [8 D% U# W+ Csuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because5 k' J; u) H3 Y7 R) Q, ~' S/ r
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
% b1 s4 G6 _7 T: m0 Fpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and3 S6 m3 o* M. Z; C
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
+ q- |: u8 S: d. W" k: aterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
3 c! ?1 l5 q4 _/ busing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
{' }* y5 f# {4 ^; p4 `Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
R$ d! [) o) x- L q0 z4 g8 {cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
, Z* `$ r; d0 L$ h8 U ~unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
5 p; j$ x/ V2 Y6 gSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
1 B8 K! h$ V6 mbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
2 B1 E- z* j" W' O# e/ z9 s& T; \$ reven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
3 a3 h2 B# Y* C; Rpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-! H% b" Z8 m! l! [9 W) Y/ N* p
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
0 X" M% G/ s- |1 rOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,2 |" ~2 }6 [: ], Z8 r
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
+ q" b9 `' A$ f/ \( Zdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
{9 A) M1 o2 Iterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
+ u: Y- q* h% sactive in young children exposed to testosterone
, }5 b& p7 ?8 Q6 D) [exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-8 ~. D% ]& D+ ]; u- W Z
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to& `5 J' _# w- Y, w
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
- u% k( y5 \/ s) G5 I. Fchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and) C- C# |$ ?4 [) g. ]% E
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
j: Q& v% B- ]4 O2 B- [The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
/ M; M$ f' c+ q& V' j; w, r9 j! ~early childhood on pubertal development and final
. p5 C6 ?, K+ I- p6 a- x) M$ q0 c; yadult height are not fully known and always remain
# E" y* u1 ?& c* w8 {/ ~- \' ka concern. Children treated with short-term testos- I" B" g8 ~5 [
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some& D* q% x# }( z9 ^4 c
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
: T4 h! Y: u i3 E( ?" _cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation/ g+ `5 p# |% ]# E* s
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
5 R2 v P; f- }* P* q# n( hThere are conflicting reports and controversy
6 H' X5 ` R2 Eover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult- `. {( K# \+ \% {
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
# J4 |2 {) P; r8 [; madult penile length, apparently because of downreg-- \6 }1 \2 L+ A/ l: l7 V1 [
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
3 Z h% X' ]) ?* h. K+ l6 x/ oSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
9 c1 C9 N u2 A& ]childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
8 F3 q7 d4 c: i# K. \- Y1 C2 Npenile length in clinical studies.
; s' n7 S, S: |4 }3 o J; ]Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
: u' r* C- u( z7 Dgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
; Z4 J4 N- Y7 B$ I' z9 dtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
3 y2 W$ ]: E" H& d# C( ^the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.. R9 e: N# D# b2 w1 u- N
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
. ^% g! x" I/ p( e" I" y3 Udiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
, b* b3 ~8 b6 zthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
" J M: G7 q8 S% i' B$ z- y2 D% bheight will not be affected.
2 W( q. s) [$ `6 ?$ v$ R4 C7 ~Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-1 |: U6 \6 z7 v8 \
ability of androgen products in our society may' M. d4 i4 a7 M# D- c
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
* u, F" |1 ~, Z/ h1 V Nchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
7 }. }7 T! _: d* ]$ O6 G9 Wgen products must be considered and specific ques-, p3 D/ e$ u; J4 U' _( e7 ~
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or$ W2 ~* _. y" P! C. P% s
gel should be asked of the family members during
3 t7 f* y) N, F" j7 J7 bthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-; V! P% R0 K! m a
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-6 Q( y1 b; i2 G! G: o/ E, \
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by7 o" A/ _3 o; k5 o# N
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a; C$ G5 D, [: h2 X2 c- D
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may8 e! k% l! m9 k' {
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive Y8 s1 h6 B% r0 O4 `
investigation. The primary care physician should be
' E! H$ r& `9 f2 {0 o+ \6 Waware of this fact, because most of these children: h: z* c" c$ E" G2 ?( Z2 L
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’% [# @7 n9 z( ~( t/ E2 p4 l
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
1 k9 x; T2 F3 C5 L: l! X, L, Nwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or0 l( J& j1 d: K0 e6 \) n8 I! y. D) @
female child who might come in contact with some-$ c" }& z- e6 ^7 b) g
one using any of these products.
( A, R' t- U! U J9 e- v" uReferences
! `* z% a; c+ u) l0 l/ f1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation: j" c- l1 \; S
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
+ u/ t/ R: |" ^1 k8 h) j. EEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;4 ~/ {9 S3 r3 b t2 X9 _
2002: 565-628.
7 V8 g/ Y; u2 _5 J4 F" L; I2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
! N& @& G. h4 z2 P& Y2 u3 R7 W+ Apuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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