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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old, A; d w/ ?4 ]" q# k
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
5 V9 K+ @% m C$ b: w- KExposure to Testosterone1 ~1 Q; q' E9 T
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
2 D7 I$ b6 A1 Z' q* }and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
. c6 F/ b c2 CClinical Pediatrics
% f# }& s+ f) Q& ] w5 ?4 x; j# zVolume 46 Number 6
+ [( P$ N! U! w% [, `7 mJuly 2007 540-543
% H0 f( ?; b& T, Y9 w© 2007 Sage Publications- N- F8 g/ Y2 Z/ h* t8 O! L
10.1177/0009922806296651
# V3 Y L5 T- ]# D3 e- F; mhttp://clp.sagepub.com/ i0 N, Q) w9 P8 E/ h; _( g
hosted at& i1 ~- k r+ H8 o
http://online.sagepub.com1 Q* C7 _ {2 C) E: H
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
! C% K( M4 u! k! X+ bis a significant concern for physicians. Central6 L3 U# y* J& {: Y0 g
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
/ H9 s" s: B& V% }6 f; {through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has2 p. N% @6 j0 z5 u8 R; w: n
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system3 q5 n' t0 W" @* C1 A+ w4 `
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
$ H6 @2 I+ m; Bby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic& a9 v9 x2 _' o) c* f, `
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-; M' e$ @, x) a
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We ]& n2 `% X8 X/ a5 j7 N6 I
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
+ U% n4 Z( B# V3 A6 ]2 ~9 senlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
9 o9 C, P2 \+ r( S/ Wment without testicular enlargement, which was due
. m0 U d4 C& N5 d Q; Mto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by* }3 v0 b" d. k6 M' z
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-4 N+ H9 T4 F& a
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
* f$ Z8 H8 ]. E- B* o2 _$ H! o! nchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
7 C; U* P! ]5 W" A/ c3 i" g! ^' ktestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-7 X6 l+ x+ Q2 M. h! u: Q
bly more common than the rare case report in the' r A0 B4 [$ y6 T/ P! ]
literature.46 @; ~( G8 b, u9 F" @6 \
Patient Report
& Z' R( _; Y2 VA 16-month-old white child was referred to the7 z0 ^! [+ R0 @
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern/ k' U0 Q% I* n: e& n; a
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
- d4 _" m3 f/ A5 \3 zlight colored pubic hair development when he was
! p& T# _- J; P1 H/ }: GFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of# I) m W* f( h% o8 r# Z
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.* I- K% s& L! F) U+ Y1 z2 H
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,7 F8 ]5 a0 l; C4 U* M1 ^' A; l x
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
8 U3 K, ^5 D3 `3 gMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;4 W( p k' C0 k& L. _; |" v9 c
e-mail: [email protected].
1 O: J! L/ D0 q' N) o3 q8 Q4 ~6 z! cabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became* c. w3 h* Z) v$ @: L V" A
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-% p* d; l- I, d# i
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child8 c T9 m4 p! B% t5 J/ r. U
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
7 {7 n5 j7 A1 k/ j) ]a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
, ]0 b- D1 {! A) @+ g20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
. f7 X6 [ u) k2 v1 D- D/ mof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
: y; c7 x. w3 ^4 v# X: \4 `solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
8 A" |3 |. x9 `2 ?8 s* qand his psychosocial and psychomotor development0 F6 m$ x( L4 }1 x, o
was age appropriate.
1 \% [' A$ d5 k% ]The family history was remarkable for the father,
5 B6 w4 N# Y$ ~, u' xwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,7 W3 S4 y9 y2 ?% q% f1 o5 K
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s* d' k/ Q1 c( a& t
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat+ ]6 T+ U# E+ G
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
: ~9 h$ M% t3 i$ K1 z* v- K+ `4 NThe father denied taking any other medication. The, T; Q# G5 I7 P8 A
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche! \, ^7 C- c& ~- {7 b2 J7 p
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet% B% w3 o& u$ {! ^# G9 Q
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
! a3 Y# D4 b; U. M/ V2 bcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-. L+ B0 S* Q. i, p
tives. There were no siblings.! i8 V$ b% q. o" {3 ~% f
Physical Examination
% j' R$ C0 m7 E" k# |5 P" EThe physical examination revealed a very active,
3 A& j# {8 c/ t5 T3 Wplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented: y K0 T0 k( ]0 U
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was; Q& m4 \, v6 a' z7 m
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
- ?% ~. m3 `% ~2 Q3 X5 s6 h2 y3 _(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
. l6 o/ y0 w; evelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
; V1 D% ^1 l' ]: U) K0 X) nthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.$ h' G/ R% R3 W* J7 ^+ i
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for1 x( y* U; ^3 R* v
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of. P# ^3 U4 O, N3 N! q7 r
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
8 N4 v3 E- ^7 kdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around: D f- G: b8 X0 |
540# r' p# g, ]* p
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from* G3 A8 ~# C4 j- t
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The- g. Y# P! |% v% l+ u X3 `
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
' `- |# z6 Z1 g- c# C" G% v0 R4 hThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
) Y4 A6 z& V# ?oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
. P5 k) o1 d+ _+ ?8 e! Vabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.$ P0 s" A# p4 e2 [% Q4 Y, V
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+, `) O9 i. B0 w* S: {* g+ p
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
3 M0 W4 v. G+ i, ]/ Pof papilledema.9 p2 `) V. [0 n
Laboratory Evaluation* `# c& O" r. K& t5 Y/ i
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by0 y9 y N/ s* L( J1 g f" Q6 n
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-* `7 z( J: F6 @- y9 y
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
( g- A% M, @ c9 A! `karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test" M, x6 e1 W9 j/ F: w- n% u
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-$ _! W z# E% b9 j7 Q7 L, C h
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
. N9 C V0 x9 wThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood5 V R+ a; o, i" ?9 y! |
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were. u" `5 A5 p3 }( x6 O
within normal range for his age. The concentration
8 M! w3 U7 K# I1 iof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
- I# j' W: B7 u0 s' N7 T(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
4 J: |3 J: w( T; n! o8 T" e- p3 Fng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
+ V& d; ]3 h* d3 M- J' X( U. \; Xterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),0 P' e3 L! a7 ?& w! m4 l3 f
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to, X' s2 U) K% u5 U) t" n; d- p
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)& D4 D' H2 t& P* H' `
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
+ ~2 R" t8 k! j& C Ztisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
1 n) o( } G8 B, [: s+ Qtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
7 o) M: I+ a3 |7 n { Band β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
0 S0 Q; y }- D" O3 h, i5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
8 U O. }6 \) }, Lstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
3 Y: f# A7 ?/ r2 o; jconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
5 s" c( t7 k# [. Q1 }! ^(prepubertal).3 _6 Z; G h, ?
The parents were notified about the laboratory
i/ J8 t/ C5 b. y, q: @) e: ^results and were informed that all of the tests were( B. R( \& P/ H: q' x0 \* G4 e
normal except the testosterone level was high. The. y+ s: b6 E* C* |4 F
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to3 t: b; E+ x0 Y9 C# ?6 \
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-1 S8 x1 f3 i' R- b- v& w% H X
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.8 C$ U6 { _5 s& s
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
& T* ~4 h& _) M" Lchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained7 Y' U. s# Q% c6 G6 U
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained, [4 ^/ d+ I( e: H) E( e
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
3 Q1 J) G/ J g6 Lpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at3 R% K* O& o6 C9 R9 c9 w. q5 Z
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2- }$ y+ D( V6 \. [0 `. j
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
. H7 j. y( A( o1 M2 UThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-! A. h% |9 C; f1 d4 C& i
ing frequent erections.# v$ ^4 _/ q) B1 g( @) Q
Both parents were again questioned about use of
; U3 w' a( ~( K- E7 q$ N) ~# e) qany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
* s9 I0 l1 E$ Z, rthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
8 p3 u: a R# g. s; STopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541% O% y9 [& v2 H8 e2 x M) d
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
3 b' U2 z' ?( e, S: S- n& oing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
C; N: D+ Y: S, q p8 Ia year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
( Z y# m0 H( p. \6 e* |. yto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-4 D1 E9 }4 W6 r8 |) e5 w+ }
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido6 ~: H8 `* T( u) k% P, [
secondary to depression.
+ @. V0 j% h; |) y% QThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
9 d$ ?/ T: `: }0 e1 D* ?9 _The father would hug the baby and hold him on his# r( A1 u# \& e* G% s
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-3 q1 v. b) J* _! v. C& T, O2 Q
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
$ i, f! ?1 y; xThe father also admitted that after the phone call,# r8 o7 C- k# t a5 B
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby7 [( f2 O! K( X' d
was high, he then read the product information+ @4 a j* l2 m& A9 N0 p4 v
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-4 C) _' n! h7 x# N9 V
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they' g1 ^% R+ O+ ~& e5 U0 T( I
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
# y I& z: M+ `father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
/ h5 C) v. m0 L7 T2 J1 obeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
: y2 D) F$ Z, i( r9 qtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
9 k& P! c$ b6 |! q6 |. c/ Q! w' d* Mlaboratory to obtain the test.: Y( {5 T' `2 O7 h7 l( c
Discussion
+ I5 s& w+ n1 X$ @8 {Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
5 N; x3 C0 [9 ]' _2 @sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4& f \9 a% N6 b% O6 w2 J
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when( j/ K& I* r$ [# S6 \
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-7 R* g, v9 M |5 T0 |
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-/ Y& I! z+ W7 s1 j: e# T- l
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP# S0 E( F1 H! a/ O, v$ F. `- O
may have a central nervous system lesion that is+ t0 t) Q% s. I) z0 Q) b
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
) a, b! m+ R6 Mamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-9 a/ j! a9 V: |: |, q& m$ C
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in; `3 ^0 W" k: E( T9 ? s$ o
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
, N9 e2 B7 ]* R; X8 K: c0 Z4 Lization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
: d# a# m ]6 r5 }0 Frical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
8 i) \2 ?& e. igonadotropins.1,3
$ z" ]: e1 m1 _' cGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
" k: h/ `/ O. I) g2 W. p2 kcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
% k& w( s9 I% E9 b* Iandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
% E9 R h% {( H6 ~$ Z% y1 Zexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
8 z* X* W3 ^% Uulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
7 G" v) d( O7 ?9 g4 ocongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive0 p7 H' X' T( Q+ v8 J8 H
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious- L3 j) L1 H. u* O! f) t2 F. @5 |
puberty in boys.3,4
8 E$ N% k+ B0 N' {5 zThe most common form of congenital adrenal
% j0 ^$ O9 T9 Y P9 H' s- k) bhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.# A; \- r4 ]1 p* K8 p
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in% a- N- ~4 p, z: }; b( D2 Q
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
$ G1 M% A1 o5 D6 _3 v0 S; ran adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
; @9 b( S6 D0 d- Nexcess.1,3
) E- S+ J+ T1 R8 y8 S3 Iat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
# q' z$ ~) R' i542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20077 B: \9 T: v# ^6 i( ?
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
* V8 s$ C5 h T/ P. findependent precocious puberty, which is also known
4 B* p- m& g5 m0 {! E& T+ das testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
; U9 K- j9 p5 t7 n6 Nvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
! p. W1 C# M+ Y. Jwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
7 d! s! v+ T3 \' ] i: Lincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
" B. |0 m( B/ e8 U0 kwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder% h7 G. N' T" `% r5 N5 |
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show4 P+ `" n* J" N1 {7 e
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
$ q. S8 @ N, j- e0 Freleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
9 i9 x5 R$ }. ~8 Y: i/ ^autosomal dominant disorder that affects only2 `" T _: L" [3 q/ ^( E
males; therefore, other male members of the family
" \. ? j. q) X3 G V8 Mmay have similar precocious puberty.3, f) c& m {5 P) e
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
4 Z/ _" Q' N) S6 ] Z# d! psistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-2 s# u% c0 n/ N2 \ p
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis" ]/ w$ |3 r1 U* k3 p4 l; W5 d: L$ v
was in the differential diagnosis because his father- D% m- s) w |; P8 M5 P7 ~
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
, \5 ] g$ u6 c7 o9 htesticular enlargement is not that evident in the. _. d. t# W! B4 ]' _9 [
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
! h* O8 w+ z% C" K1 d% ~/ C2 Mative initial history of androgen exposure, our: C5 O; \. L; l# o
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
; S6 l' F2 c" b. @6 }, \8 Xeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase/ b$ t9 N" B, J4 ^8 _, {! r
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-* ?( d7 z, C" X: P- a5 x+ C
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids., @; R, q Z. |( s
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
& Q0 W) N+ K- a, @' h7 l% Xsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because) T4 v8 _, N3 A1 [9 m+ z
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-4 o9 U$ A) ]' B
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and- j5 i+ k; Y2 R- U# I2 i8 F# q7 ?
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-$ n' j, C' |* e, t K9 q0 W
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
, s$ `* {' F4 }- d3 B0 zusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
; F; L# O* ~2 }& O3 v3 IDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
I; @+ Z U {* _0 j" Acream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
d' W& t* O! U6 vunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
$ B: w( @# a" @Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
* s- h! O1 q4 N& r* [, V1 A4 u2 ubaseline value in those females who were exposed to- o4 ~8 @. k. o2 O
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
9 T7 h( F f2 }4 v0 Ypartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-/ O" B) @ b) h& X6 @
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented./ k. @2 m$ w) p
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,. l$ i, L1 W) ^0 W
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that/ P/ Y. G* _: K( Y; l) ]1 _/ I
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
7 l" T# k- ?. W1 ?terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more# c; x7 g, ~1 B$ G
active in young children exposed to testosterone. p/ i+ p) ?2 n; W3 a E3 n
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
, [- E; S8 z, `drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to8 s, r( Y& c( h: G* g! x
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
# i0 o- z. g8 k9 o' I* N$ k# h* Vchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
, n$ f+ m( s$ S4 L3 J0 Aadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.) V$ {( Z( j U* L1 n+ `
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
4 |7 ?+ k) @6 Y; M jearly childhood on pubertal development and final
9 i: Y. o8 ?( Z* Y" l: |adult height are not fully known and always remain2 j* r2 a( \" l9 z& O
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
3 o, n! c6 n# [/ J# b9 t8 S6 Uterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some H$ E6 ^7 L8 t# D) T+ e
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
Q0 t/ |3 ~; [7 Mcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
4 M7 A# |) p' o0 J3 ?decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9* m( k, w4 I! x: b( x7 C
There are conflicting reports and controversy
/ a5 l" ]7 ?. t1 B! G" T8 |! Bover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
; o5 e; e' p$ xpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal% S+ a+ e7 m/ g# r0 [! H" V. Y
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-' v+ m7 H3 i9 |5 ~& [. r
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,1 a' G" \! p4 Z1 y
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between& e: I: J1 A1 b3 Q) q0 v
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult; I; {% f3 c/ e. n9 a0 q
penile length in clinical studies.) i; z1 w8 C. A1 H! F
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
0 W; n- O& f. f& b8 J& E' A( Z8 m8 dgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
- `; s+ W8 }! u9 Mtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because$ N' m4 l2 q$ R6 q
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.( l2 l7 b, {- W: Q( n7 ]
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
+ {( w1 y, F1 f7 C# Q: s, C+ ]diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at' s4 M$ G; R7 P" A
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
6 t9 B' D. A5 a1 `8 R" N' k# hheight will not be affected.( V. v& `$ F1 r3 o6 X
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-/ Z, \' _2 C3 a, [( f4 P0 J
ability of androgen products in our society may( q7 y$ j' i9 f6 d
indeed cause more virilization in male or female$ @) U& ~* w% D1 |/ d8 w
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
4 @5 f" ^3 J5 {7 hgen products must be considered and specific ques-8 R" i l6 B$ m" {; V2 X, k
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or `/ v( i% F; q% ?0 W* M
gel should be asked of the family members during4 Y0 ~! I0 W5 T8 u3 B6 N
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
+ M/ u: a+ G, ]ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
/ Y5 ?* _7 }8 a3 t& m; ?nosis can be established by just a few tests and by, F, V, _/ |7 A# }2 h; w
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a8 y: O9 I/ I0 p
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
/ e4 m1 ] n# ]result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive. A7 a9 o2 j1 W
investigation. The primary care physician should be; K: r6 }9 u6 L$ K6 |+ y
aware of this fact, because most of these children Y3 E4 X8 S6 E' }8 n7 x
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’. e, e6 Z' F' _: ~
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a; o7 _3 U2 e! C1 H2 b
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
& H+ a) h, n& f9 e6 P. yfemale child who might come in contact with some-/ [- F6 K7 ~7 x' z2 ~2 A0 a
one using any of these products.
, t9 K" [9 S/ vReferences0 | P/ R! W/ O- X- Y+ w
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
% `4 q3 m" B3 n. ?and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
. v5 n0 V8 W# Z) d* F; ?( |Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;7 r: w) S+ h4 v0 K1 W
2002: 565-628.
2 V b: M+ ^- _6 o* }5 ]2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious9 F) y, y6 I) ~7 @, {, j* N
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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