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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
' H7 C1 u, n; a0 a" s. pBoy Induced by Indirect Topical8 j7 ]6 N/ q* S% a: h
Exposure to Testosterone
' Y) T# P" z; U0 ]5 |7 `Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
  {6 `' }3 h; [and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1% H, I* y. \2 d/ b( I; |
Clinical Pediatrics0 z, z; K/ \% m7 \- B, f( Y
Volume 46 Number 6# }4 Q& L; Y7 D$ o$ X! ?
July 2007 540-5435 ^# ?; P# o( D% s# v6 @
© 2007 Sage Publications
; \8 h* [) v1 ]10.1177/0009922806296651
" P/ A% L0 U( ]1 P# D: @http://clp.sagepub.com
& B0 @$ y2 W/ x1 B" W- `hosted at/ ~( o* {" T, I3 v, N; ]
http://online.sagepub.com
3 w$ E* u$ U1 Q, ]! }% Y4 J* W" rPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
: W' ?- k1 w0 f$ F' Q! j! lis a significant concern for physicians. Central
# a/ t4 K( x& d- Y. O5 ?; Hprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated6 ]) _3 j: @, w3 n% W. u
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has: i8 B5 K# d# {# h+ s, v* k; p0 t8 K
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system& n* H2 z% J" s7 D2 u6 x6 H" h
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested6 }* [7 }& p. b# r& s
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
" Q' D; [! `$ q/ E& m$ qhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
; N  ?( I$ @" o* qcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We5 c; z8 _) z8 y8 z: Y: _* h" m, Z
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the# r1 X3 M$ P) \6 Y, Z" }9 t
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
% O5 O& U  Q; X# Mment without testicular enlargement, which was due: B- N6 ~- l6 X/ |6 W
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
" t, `+ x' P8 a1 V* N5 Fthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-/ A/ Q$ c; `; L6 p
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this7 p) _' `* J* n+ a3 [  W. L
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of# s* l6 r3 I6 j, q3 Q1 r
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-0 s* y- ^( B" V1 a- d+ m
bly more common than the rare case report in the
& j4 d/ Z" y/ l# D, |  Y+ G7 |literature.4( {5 z7 s% o2 |7 m; ]4 v2 n
Patient Report
* m1 I/ b/ L+ aA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
/ ~) P; ~' p, H$ ?endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
& s; ]' G9 j& u8 Fof early sexual development. His mother noticed' D: a2 X2 w/ U: z7 h; o. |
light colored pubic hair development when he was
2 A# J6 g9 S) _From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
9 q5 \" B' U$ d) p  ISouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.* g' N" S- `. F' |5 W; x' f
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,- k' Y# t. f) d8 Q) v
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of8 k* }4 `9 t# D& l0 ~( t5 p, B
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
! \0 R0 }9 h/ d% a& L% X9 Se-mail: [email protected].% a( d3 p' L' c9 Y2 z; N1 E) c
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became6 g9 X' _9 A7 D5 k; A( V0 k
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
- q2 k( ]) L9 @  _ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
* B/ w2 W0 a% p# R  Qwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
( S! Z. Q, [( D* s7 B" Pa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of% g; Q& h" W5 _9 G1 m+ q# u
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
4 L4 H( d) c. [) @) u9 Wof life and was still receiving breast milk along with  G8 K) z8 z0 \
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,+ K5 ~; y7 \" u0 C1 h
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
9 z; K/ d/ j  M6 p- h* C, `7 W' dwas age appropriate.
  A3 i* o8 w9 rThe family history was remarkable for the father,
# A8 }7 _  @7 n. ^; zwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
4 m& H) W! c9 {# p$ p5 Ewhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s$ q7 [* Z* @# a4 N
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
0 b  U# \6 l- s- H1 n9 g; d. ~$ T( searly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
% H( A0 a3 |3 {- ~. z( O' oThe father denied taking any other medication. The" M8 x) r& v6 p0 D1 G
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
6 V; Q; b, Y/ x0 dwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
& l! g* k+ N, \' ~+ L5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-5 E5 I6 R4 U  U0 A! r' I& G) r
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-7 k( m/ p0 k2 J/ }7 I5 H
tives. There were no siblings.9 r# O) T/ Y- E: P- S) E3 k
Physical Examination& ?' e- h" k! c
The physical examination revealed a very active,+ r7 P( u, ^2 L  z( Z, _: A
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented( {2 g& F5 @3 e3 V1 y( i4 m
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
4 W- }" B4 M, j8 \, H: n) E3 f90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg$ [" C( F4 k! o2 I+ @
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth- a/ ~4 [5 z; T# k# g4 t
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of; }( V( n  ~2 ], O3 L" S
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
3 i# a. q: v3 S% Q/ h$ pThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
/ W. {) X* W5 N! M: benlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
! ]. u. X% c! Y( V9 s8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well- N3 E, j/ T% z0 c- G  w. h
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around$ a) d) ]- z5 E/ O4 t
540
; L, p! ?: B* uat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
7 j& P9 o( Q, ]5 _6 s9 Tthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The. f! T8 o9 t9 i$ D
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each./ r) X4 J% S7 `  _% u5 q
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat% G' Z' `# @; d8 V- F
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no3 U1 \2 E; x! z( n4 |) {1 H
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
8 _- y- V2 e7 N' \2 C- ANeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+; C6 {) Z6 A6 P0 l$ r: w
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
" h3 |1 z( ^3 l9 H; Bof papilledema., R8 I* b( y0 M1 o$ P" f, Q5 g
Laboratory Evaluation) W# f; w/ o9 z5 G3 c7 ]2 E
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by& G/ |9 F( Y) F
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-1 h8 u) D* ~9 c; G( F
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
5 E9 Y: ]0 J/ k3 I! M) Z* k' T& skaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test3 o; r3 j1 }/ f; `9 p' ?8 B# Y& h
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
6 y# `8 J- v2 U) n5 Slating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
7 I9 R/ i% Z; @' f2 l! W. VThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
' D! G: o1 [; [( ^urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
$ }: J5 d% o' D+ o3 B0 K: ^within normal range for his age. The concentration
" v+ r0 s# g3 \) R2 u! H/ m% nof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL. Y8 s/ h! |2 G, Y( J
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20# ^4 `2 @, r, W# w# ?
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
: O/ h% n9 o% k4 W. B- ~) r: |: lterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),* S4 Z5 p- |( x" G% z
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to- T( ~3 v3 Z: V- n: c+ d
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
7 Z4 ?7 ]! D, n: W% a/ D1 s$ rwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-! p0 R1 l( G! w4 _( b( `
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
" z2 a+ N& B% u6 Dtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
, {3 {8 j: O9 o( J, {8 J0 N7 Jand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than3 k7 y# @. `6 S
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
% W5 {& ~" ^6 I; s, o0 F& dstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
9 `! x! k4 {8 K; j7 \concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL5 ?, [; b$ t0 n, [) N. P) H1 N
(prepubertal).
" a/ _1 ^: o, r0 |4 ZThe parents were notified about the laboratory8 t# m' o+ _7 w1 r4 w1 ?+ ^5 ~! O! W
results and were informed that all of the tests were8 K6 q- V% s/ _/ ~# H, B" W% k
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
6 [7 Z- @/ R2 c3 {: V: N9 s* pfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
/ _. ]  W; t+ M/ |3 z1 Lobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-" v- Z& N& W# Q- b! _
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
8 W( E: U7 c3 J: U( f# b  a) zPhysical examination at this time revealed that the5 B5 o! I/ Z. m* f
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained# F% Z/ h6 `5 T
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
( ^$ R5 m8 @% nunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-2 w! P  i  x) n/ ?, ]  `/ [
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at. d. y5 r" L$ x  @" ^; |
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2  w5 w- m1 k  c' s$ f
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.# V! z, I" ]3 S- z( j4 a
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
8 v$ ~+ }5 p1 A3 I" Iing frequent erections.
5 |$ U: X. \; t8 @4 DBoth parents were again questioned about use of; L/ ~! L% ^9 g0 x' ~
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to4 k& J+ @) v+ t
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the! u2 R; h( G( L* L6 [1 y
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
# f. U0 z( W% {/ v; n9 Quse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-  B( F" }) w0 r+ Z0 T
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
/ U" u; D. J$ K) _; L: W( Ya year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed0 v9 \$ w, ^5 `% @  v* J+ E
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
. h5 ?- p0 P# G- b4 Q" p6 wscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
3 a6 e  C- {4 R" e1 W' @6 Ksecondary to depression.
: Q- m8 Y; |9 T, ?4 WThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
' Q1 H6 c# H' f( K4 _5 B. U) R" M% EThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his4 Y5 W* J. d* R
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-$ B/ ]4 J: C* ~" Q
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.( y/ |0 ~. u, {( {/ l
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
9 d: ]2 T7 e+ y1 Awhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby3 C/ D( \; |1 _, W
was high, he then read the product information
# {$ F- {( q0 Qpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
6 p( x5 V0 Y' F: t( f# Fson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they6 w: s. R4 Y% v+ C5 k: s; H8 i; o
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the# d& a3 J5 K7 `/ M) @; `9 k- S: e3 x& Q
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had$ v7 X1 k/ m) R9 j- @
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
7 j3 [/ _/ y& h# @4 Wtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
; U' Z* y. U7 _# O5 g5 E" }laboratory to obtain the test.
8 |1 m# k7 ?: n; K% pDiscussion
. M% E- ^- {; J, |9 r6 V/ qPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
2 T5 L2 w3 O4 _- I6 rsexual development before 9 years of age.1,42 E$ p- W7 f* c4 F
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
9 q( t' m) O6 x# {. y9 w3 R/ ]6 Sit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
* [- {- O  ~. `  t  \thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-9 B# [. z$ T+ N1 @) Z8 r2 s- [
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP" p+ @: ~7 D9 ^6 k8 {+ z9 p
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
- [& S1 v1 c* P1 |0 gresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
" [$ G  i3 D; f0 w2 c5 W3 q% wamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
& J( `4 s0 c: Bsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
9 t+ ^) E! m2 o/ v4 g. Uboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
, h$ u! P$ ^/ v, x% A- [. uization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-  A5 I; X* w$ W" {9 ^' Q
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by- s0 Y: @* k2 M# A" I% A8 l
gonadotropins.1,3
; o* N' N; K4 S: B0 t# pGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-1 v; y, L  J" k
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate" g; h7 r2 z, x0 g
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or. I( _9 i# h: G7 X* ~0 c
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-! Q% v9 l# u- O# D
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing9 Y5 e* j0 s! p7 P8 R9 @
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
9 r# R) |6 B, q' W* i+ dadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious! y- U. t: y1 ?0 E! l
puberty in boys.3,4
. ]+ d9 @( L+ j6 A5 h  TThe most common form of congenital adrenal
0 \: n8 ]! K, {/ o! E4 a  `3 b$ {! Ghyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.' ]9 P$ P5 d2 \2 D
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in* C& q: ^+ O+ c. E8 \. I1 \
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,5 [/ o! Y) T" _( d
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
5 ~3 D, ^% R) d0 @excess.1,3
& x4 o& W. D% |. s3 Y: S2 lat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
  u2 T/ p7 t% X  r542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
* Q* Y  a* m% E1 U! Y1 d  u! }7 PA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
2 r6 M$ O) N) C# Z. v' f) Dindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
( p* p! T) q2 P% h2 U% has testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
+ \- Y. A7 I- Xvery young age. The physical findings in these boys1 }' @  }+ ?6 U/ J2 ]) a; u
with this disorder are full pubertal development,! x- X& q' M. e/ f/ P
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
0 Y- G% e) S8 s8 ]  V: \with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder) ?4 i9 D, L4 c" c5 u& q
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show( X* \: E8 w& y2 v9 K9 u, T1 l2 b, U8 ^
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-' D1 C- h: i' B. l# N8 T% Q
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
6 ?/ T2 A6 d4 n) |autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
' P1 T$ U  a, H( R' l  w9 |9 P3 w" Vmales; therefore, other male members of the family
- {+ L. `% @% L" `5 }& F& w! @9 a7 ]may have similar precocious puberty.3# D# f* [% F# Y7 v* k- z) E% ]. u
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
- y, Q) ?) h  ^2 R+ w/ R' ]sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-( w) t, i, N8 N' S% f6 c
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
# \: H8 r0 u; w/ r- g- kwas in the differential diagnosis because his father3 _' l+ B8 W: p
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,3 M" M( T8 Q# k$ Y! C6 L% y5 @- O
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the! c" a7 c' Z1 A9 P- ]. ]
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
; H2 M% e( j3 o" s8 d. G6 ]( I. bative initial history of androgen exposure, our
8 ~1 w0 P# a# Q6 Y! w. v% Kbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
3 \2 y4 C, T9 }& Beither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase3 ~- Q7 V" p  \: z% J# ?
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
/ U, y4 |2 I8 S* Ning the normal level of adrenal steroids.
% U/ E* H: U  N( @7 ?& lThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
- a; I6 N/ c' _$ Nsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because3 Z% ?, ]4 H" D! [& Q
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-& ~) r3 w' }1 r1 p3 `" t7 t: Y( R( c
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and3 v; k7 }; w: c
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
+ T) h" b) [" E! L- @6 mterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
9 |$ I$ v' \! E9 k  busing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’! s/ m! X$ m  N( m% H) f6 k
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
" P9 ]5 k) {5 K+ f9 \" B; x+ Vcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to) W# g8 D! u1 W+ q  ~$ G$ r7 F
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.& a3 `. M3 W6 R1 _' D1 H- n
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the* ]7 c& ^% E! R  F! y; f; U
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
0 Y% j1 h4 s$ y1 d5 h5 oeven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male8 F9 l! R* M9 n" \7 c
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
% ~7 u1 @- i+ ?. n. p7 h- ition site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.2 D- _. ^* u3 e6 {' K) h
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL," |0 [3 I# R' ]
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that0 Z: F& F8 w, y' v/ l
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-5 k) `$ |7 R: N% o) p* i& f6 f+ P1 X
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more5 X& R9 t, M/ r
active in young children exposed to testosterone& L2 ?9 C! V0 @/ {- k8 F) v
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
: V! R1 N; F3 \2 m$ h! d; D4 Fdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to2 C8 i1 }- C- |3 X; S. l% e" y2 u
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
1 R; L# O$ e3 e$ I( ?  ]' nchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
( o8 r, v9 V: _/ c5 padvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.3 W; J8 I. _4 `9 o
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
* t# b1 I4 N: W% @+ ]) Uearly childhood on pubertal development and final+ H4 @. i6 y1 x# F3 S
adult height are not fully known and always remain3 f1 W, z. a2 f* S' L( X
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
( D% m6 B- k/ c" u8 dterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some8 ~: F# g0 E3 u9 y2 V$ d
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
% P2 K* T. m6 `% x' Zcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
, }( |5 J- ^, s( B8 edecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9* ?' n5 n2 p; g/ f) d1 Y
There are conflicting reports and controversy
! F  e' y3 ~  i5 B- yover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult: h$ f# m3 h/ C6 S! D- f
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal) a7 S1 y8 `/ Y4 }+ ?4 {
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
# _+ _  P% Q# i5 G" ]ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,: W5 i0 T0 z7 M; o2 D
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between$ P, A1 ^/ t+ V, Q4 ~
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult7 ^( D. k* s( I' j2 j6 s1 S
penile length in clinical studies.
( T8 _8 i) @/ q6 H+ g$ vNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
! e* d+ b1 o8 Mgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from0 \5 k! j5 r3 G3 N! e& l
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because0 Q1 Z  ]& z! M
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.5 x( C3 s- J" I% M9 i" O6 Y
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of+ f7 r$ ]9 X, n8 F1 I9 M
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at8 g, w$ E; b% X: r1 m9 S' {
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
9 [# S9 s- h! D2 Bheight will not be affected.; o8 T# s* r( g
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
& x# y% A' }9 m, n7 uability of androgen products in our society may
( ~6 {. g8 a7 W% B! h4 cindeed cause more virilization in male or female
/ ]. S! l; L' wchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-1 N/ U9 T3 K! S' ~4 A& R- Z
gen products must be considered and specific ques-/ Z: d6 j6 g6 p" q
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
. M7 V+ U7 t- r( p3 H+ ogel should be asked of the family members during
2 B, V" C- g' c1 _the evaluation of any children who present with vir-+ M2 P( n' s' \8 @2 T! l0 E
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
8 k/ S, G( j6 t0 f, N6 bnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
; G, ?- G3 T; R. O( @4 X$ x* Mappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
2 V/ h6 Y/ D) Rhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may4 p4 V, z1 _1 n4 t! P% D
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
" e0 d; R8 U* Minvestigation. The primary care physician should be( K1 X+ E% H: H& ^, x5 g
aware of this fact, because most of these children
" Q& j& B! g$ K; s- j) rmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
; X; q9 D$ I  B( V9 QDesk Reference and package insert should also put a* u4 N3 T/ _  f4 Y0 O2 w
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
$ f2 \4 h7 E$ Zfemale child who might come in contact with some-4 I3 g4 h7 C- J3 s, A+ a; b
one using any of these products.6 e9 b! d( c1 j; Z; C- H- V
References
5 j) d- T% m) Q* V* m' M. W1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation1 A% c/ n0 s: `$ r$ R" W) y' S9 `
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
% s. A) ?, B) [, V8 @Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
, R0 K) L) }) S* t* g2002: 565-628.
3 }$ ]# b8 V3 ?1 ^! P2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious7 M, w6 h2 f: z6 P7 J
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
  q5 ^& V2 c3 WBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
& a0 ?3 ?  z4 f; CExposure to Testosterone
5 T. C! |' M3 M8 E/ [. }Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2; Z" m- U  r( O8 N2 e
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
, L% y( L9 j. t+ B5 mClinical Pediatrics
0 G, H, `5 g. Q8 i; PVolume 46 Number 6
. M4 n; j& `  T! uJuly 2007 540-543
- I) b8 E  S; A) d6 [© 2007 Sage Publications
. |, ~& ]1 Y' I: M5 P" `9 G! h10.1177/00099228062966518 S( h6 `' n0 N$ H8 o8 M$ m. x
http://clp.sagepub.com7 x  f  [' ~1 j0 M  N
hosted at8 C+ w8 Z5 |6 J, q$ Y
http://online.sagepub.com4 e4 l' j/ Z9 V* U( [: H# ]: d
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,0 D2 z0 ]: j' ]8 l" x1 P; `7 X
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
) d7 U5 y  @! U$ k4 L9 Zprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
' Y  H; b8 g8 H7 ~3 S: ^through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has& j# w: s( T, E" ^
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system) r5 J! b* ~6 }4 P3 n9 n9 j
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested7 V4 L- Y6 V/ c0 J% h, |
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic& X: b# W8 W/ g/ G( P" W. W7 H# T7 k
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-$ p8 e8 h3 b/ U8 J
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
+ z5 F, R4 O6 Nreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
1 y( z9 Z& s, ?; genlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-, r+ Z  A1 u& j: P
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
0 `2 `! c7 X1 f/ T. mto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
# R) l+ V* I1 fthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-$ A8 ^5 O5 H% @9 [" V/ i$ c
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
# x  b( Q  l" @/ _) X6 m6 echild. Given the widespread and easy availability of3 }1 C( W. V+ H) U! J
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
. n4 C: }$ A4 _1 J' s, f* l  K  ubly more common than the rare case report in the
7 p8 [$ G! y" L8 r4 |* v8 _( gliterature.4" T' y, h( e1 p# A. i, u
Patient Report
* F1 W) D6 U% NA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
( {, ^3 X6 @4 `1 D! Bendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern: L3 {1 B, ?5 a; o( ?
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
, Z; t1 p8 U/ Y1 X5 wlight colored pubic hair development when he was, E  E8 P( _! H  m! f
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
; X6 y5 v* d, r( z4 e/ y6 }South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
, v- _% A) ~: A/ ]- x& p  J/ XAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
7 w! l! H2 u8 H: L( bProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of# c; f3 |9 b1 _: Q5 F
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
; g; V; ^( h" Le-mail: [email protected].* U/ R3 R& L3 V
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
% V2 d5 k6 C2 \/ `8 edarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
& l8 O8 N" @3 k9 p2 Dment of his penis and frequent erections. The child+ S: E9 H( c) g) b- e" s/ e+ j
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with0 U/ @. D0 I) B
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
1 W; v: E  }7 h" A% A( Y! C20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year* J5 h( z1 e* J2 |
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
8 i* E! ]/ |7 l- ]1 \7 p' Hsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
5 ^1 [  d7 C1 ~1 ?$ {and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
; |( J/ B" x5 R# w! Ywas age appropriate.) q; i" y4 {# X, y
The family history was remarkable for the father,3 U6 e. M- @' v% k! M- d2 ]4 B
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,( R3 l/ D# w5 }, n/ n" S. D9 b# p7 S
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
4 H9 |+ I5 `. a  W4 Bheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
. u) |; H$ y( `; n* ?% _early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
8 H4 F# e1 _+ {, y4 w6 [/ @* t" ^9 oThe father denied taking any other medication. The7 l- x: t/ r; X' g" @4 O
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche  H% i" D3 b8 u( j: d
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
3 z! e* @6 w3 }# b- O" g5 E9 \7 I+ [5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
$ m8 C8 @2 M4 a3 Q/ F2 x1 f, J. a# acocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-" n* s4 F7 x1 z( [
tives. There were no siblings.
+ ^; \/ e1 L1 N+ P0 EPhysical Examination8 W% C, w* ?) s
The physical examination revealed a very active,6 S, [+ g' c6 w
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented. D( s, @; A, Z  ]# F4 X# j. N- e  T
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
( D/ `$ D, D6 g' s6 e: \90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
. ^/ b9 Y# T$ }- C(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
/ H1 C/ x4 X2 B+ s5 qvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of5 A7 e+ O$ C7 S2 v2 R, W0 o
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
5 v/ i' ~, O( X( ]  M  CThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
; y4 t$ s" P  t& Senlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
8 j1 v' {" s+ |2 t2 x  `8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well7 `! E3 B' c0 ?
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around+ T+ `" y2 \0 t  j: g4 k' s
540
# z% Q2 ^' e* l( d9 U' q- iat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
" ?( n: U' h5 Q4 pthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The2 N$ r2 l  s4 z( K' H- P, [/ }0 ]
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.* d% a# ^8 _7 ?$ J
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat) f/ Y8 P/ E) d! U4 T4 F+ r
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
$ s1 s* f; r! }. o4 s! s1 z/ Sabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
- M! @2 n3 ?( B0 SNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
. f& J2 ]. u* s# ]2 W6 nbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion$ W! `& W# U# I0 [# m+ ^4 ^
of papilledema.9 Q9 o4 d4 F8 F- U+ B' t
Laboratory Evaluation, _+ U, v% B' h3 L8 S1 M7 U
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by+ A# D) V1 W: [) p1 n
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-: P+ |& K& `0 c
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal3 S( p% n8 @& q4 `- P2 X; I- w
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test5 q9 j7 o- b0 E( @
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-  M6 N, G- l1 r7 K/ r3 t
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).1 T6 _# }" G+ T8 O
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood" d6 E' i- c+ W3 @  E* Y4 P7 ?0 V( z
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were, e& c* }* v& D  G8 K' G
within normal range for his age. The concentration
; l0 p0 i  P" E9 Sof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
# L6 z" n! j9 {! w5 X6 U(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
. U+ s( E7 o5 v& J9 k' s# ong/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-0 f/ w; D. }% p+ O) @/ a8 r- u! B
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),  Z1 B7 u  ^! G0 N$ g: i3 J
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to+ R' N) _/ L- F1 A) ~6 v
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)7 T% K* ?$ z7 E
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-0 s1 X3 _+ E! g1 o; {( Y+ R
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
4 B' W1 ~, M0 M* U* W; mtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),  ?, T- u5 @4 Z1 z: \6 ]
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than  f& K" Y, T1 N( t" \
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
" t/ D2 @$ n& Z) ?$ u8 X; d0 ?stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
6 X1 D0 x8 G+ Yconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
/ c# ~' F& }4 g% o(prepubertal).
; P/ g9 v& U  Y: ^$ s$ O; ?2 KThe parents were notified about the laboratory7 E  C8 O& w( e# a+ J
results and were informed that all of the tests were
: u! a, }- G! j2 O9 A) O0 \' d( q; dnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
2 m4 Z! h( k: a1 j; O6 jfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
( I+ j8 M# s( m4 L+ cobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
8 `9 Z- T- t; u  R7 j! zever, the family did not return for 4 months.( c1 K4 x# X! z( ~* m8 ]- C, ~
Physical examination at this time revealed that the  E5 p5 e4 B% x) O
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
" g+ y/ s! l6 C7 F0 i. T2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained, ~: X1 i) z& ?5 g4 g! @0 X8 c
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-  }/ P7 r% @8 ~# h- f
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
% V3 F! Z3 J3 J2 u1 M2 |9 d4 Jthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
4 U9 U; v; r7 \0 YmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
, [" S1 }/ y/ u; _The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
& z1 i0 h4 V9 m- A* O0 Eing frequent erections.0 W2 w5 ]( A  @) b
Both parents were again questioned about use of
7 F+ z" l# ^7 t! [any ointment/creams that they may have applied to! i, o6 a! {" ~" {2 R" p8 I
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the- m# y# }" F/ C  T, e
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541- ?/ _5 D0 K7 J! q
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-; }" c5 F; j- W. d" B: s2 Q
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
) b; E3 a) ?( l0 h% ?a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
# {" @% O5 O% ]' ato disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-3 }6 f/ l$ A) z2 `/ ?8 _
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido9 q5 H' B/ Q4 ?8 E. B2 ?. J
secondary to depression.+ A' {% Q9 \. h- B) I; \: B9 i$ G& `
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
# c; V- ?/ j" fThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his2 g3 m2 n+ F9 e# |! W
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-0 q5 {/ i, Y' s0 \' E4 i1 }$ C: c
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
8 i0 d2 |: `0 m$ B- n" }, CThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
+ Y. j# C0 W" [" B+ Bwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
7 c. c7 W; T% X# I/ C) l$ Rwas high, he then read the product information
5 R. S& {8 u5 opacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-% F8 H7 {$ J( @9 i% q! ~0 X
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they" W  ?! k' Q# B3 S
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
! m. A% n3 f% j0 z( y4 E6 y! }4 sfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
% m% l' V" e$ M$ Y, W* k8 V9 Nbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
* u' r! L8 n# e  U  jtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
6 v, x+ o4 {5 ^laboratory to obtain the test.
. C) w- r( x: a8 d0 ]* c/ ADiscussion
3 B* f9 k  i: M$ iPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary6 M: n5 m/ t$ |" k! d/ ~
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
: ~* a0 k4 D7 Y, JPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when4 k+ Z" M7 Y9 @3 X
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
$ J! y5 g. w& E& b, Uthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-+ Q( C3 V4 C" D6 ~" A; j3 t
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
# Y$ F4 s! i6 tmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
6 Y1 h, R! ^, V( Zresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-) K2 F, j$ d% D$ R
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-' n* y9 s: R; F  u+ P
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
9 ~* A+ }* D8 Yboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-4 u$ e& G# k% l1 }) N
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
* P: c! R, C0 lrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by% }0 z3 ?" \+ z9 T
gonadotropins.1,3
; {4 U- d8 _6 f7 j4 J0 |5 HGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-7 r( C/ O! H" }
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
8 @9 ^) Z. o9 ^  i4 {androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or( P, y6 d% K/ `, g5 T
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-: A+ [+ u& \" }  T9 `2 V
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing: G) Z% e+ @% Z4 u, V
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
% P1 I2 ^; z4 P+ g: s* n( d; x& Vadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
( M+ |# O* J; l, I! q  M! kpuberty in boys.3,4
" Y9 n1 u) z% `8 s  h0 P  J2 m: q. YThe most common form of congenital adrenal
/ C' M" U; V; R4 [' Thyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.( n% @0 w& b) c: v+ y( R: J% A# r! @
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in0 X& T! d  p  y2 ~
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
* m$ _4 z) v3 e7 j$ v; C6 Gan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
- H5 I: b* d- Xexcess.1,3; x8 e6 G- M8 h' P5 E
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from$ R' W* Z7 ]& ]1 k1 E2 y3 F
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007/ D% x& X9 T! Z$ @( K6 A
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
1 a+ i/ z/ I8 w2 {) Mindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
, K* a! c, y8 `9 mas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
' e( @2 R1 z! U  U$ kvery young age. The physical findings in these boys& i2 @+ q3 U" ]7 u
with this disorder are full pubertal development,' C5 D$ M: |6 y4 V8 J& i. f  n
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys6 V1 W! G& k" f/ I: T! t3 l
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
6 X% C2 _. R* @1 ]: Z0 o, q+ sare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show' \4 x& e! M9 E& E
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-, t4 n$ g$ b7 R
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked0 d! @9 N1 {, e3 t
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only7 p! q* F- y# h
males; therefore, other male members of the family% x9 `; f+ f" f
may have similar precocious puberty.3
0 c: f0 C/ x4 R& b, s) s7 ~6 \In our patient, physical examination was incon-% n8 I1 w9 m! N, Y8 V7 s; i
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-7 @" t' ~% m7 B0 v
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
0 ]) w4 R0 p: n2 w1 D0 l& U- Y+ Hwas in the differential diagnosis because his father" \  J) x" v9 }# W" I
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,7 t/ c3 r! P+ N. ]5 `
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the+ O# o8 {9 u( ~' w
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-; u/ i% H  M$ [0 p6 K
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
! ~4 E3 j( `6 t& ^; v7 Qbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,/ z' Y. q( N* Q, w; K$ f5 c& Z
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
4 A" {5 ]" B) D) }3 Ldeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
& j  W. O8 {; ]. Ping the normal level of adrenal steroids.
6 S+ _" H& d: tThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
' J0 _1 W' Y- j) L( M3 `2 z& isuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
9 E6 G  V: ~1 [; t& T5 G2 wthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-7 J1 Z( l$ H# R6 D5 g/ y. l
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and. P( _& e3 m- o: p# e* c
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-0 z4 N4 K/ u  h5 ]' L
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
$ I$ _9 a0 ~' N0 U" w9 ^& s1 iusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’/ ^" Q/ o; Z: t3 ^) m, H; m: l$ N  K
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
* t7 X  `5 P/ c: q( J3 Y6 Q: ]cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
+ D/ B  t* `7 X4 D+ [6 b6 lunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
  B: A4 a6 j( p* Q) BSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the* [; I) P0 p5 p* o  A( k/ C1 g0 I( U
baseline value in those females who were exposed to8 a4 d" x( _* r+ ]# [
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
5 |, _. s* H4 X. i5 ?: E6 Vpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
/ R2 L; q7 ~+ V# E& ^tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
/ \& m% |- ~! ^Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,3 W9 t! x* G8 }" m
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
9 I3 M  y3 H$ K" k+ G! ?dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
3 E  s$ f9 ^$ d$ M0 Zterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more9 [- c4 W5 `1 N+ x1 ^3 K! Z
active in young children exposed to testosterone( q8 [/ i# M5 U* W/ r
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-+ C5 W" ^* K/ `3 l
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
3 R$ y6 ?- H0 J: l' A  evirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
3 x( k- p' U0 E0 m2 Echildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
& A" _5 a$ }0 L: _advanced bone age, as seen in our patient." @- q" j7 a4 @) h, a; B
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during& X& b; @' w2 v1 t6 x$ `" @
early childhood on pubertal development and final
% o# d4 s+ b" `/ T6 H' Ladult height are not fully known and always remain' c. {2 @( }; W2 |
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
7 u+ @+ P1 O) L0 a/ f, U9 w2 c* iterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some9 p4 d3 ^% F; i! S1 r0 H: |
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after) s. G; B) j( D& v% g, n
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
/ E( x; C1 Q% m6 O9 J% cdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,94 c+ [7 a; c, }
There are conflicting reports and controversy
/ {/ z* d. F& eover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
6 C% N! I3 N+ H8 ppenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal; }; ]* P& r  M6 T
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-: S- o2 |" b. T, Z4 u0 A
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
2 V" E" s2 f  q1 }; USutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
, ?( O/ R  ~; n3 s6 k6 Kchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult+ B1 e6 K- E$ n
penile length in clinical studies.4 [) _/ n$ G5 z7 u! K% L4 I
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is; K& Z% [- D6 Z2 l; C6 o
going to experience any of the untoward effects from; y. H  ?; p2 ~0 i8 j/ O, @# ^
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
! x) s. o/ D! |the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
5 l6 j+ S: |. E1 K9 a0 zAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
9 U# ], ^9 v' J9 H: ?. a* tdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
6 l) ]8 s" r: |7 n1 w- ]. J0 ^the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult4 {* V6 L/ s: Z8 l& f# t8 Q
height will not be affected.
1 W9 ^" a& f8 j% rAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-: p( S0 ^9 t- O7 e6 v" B! h- }* u& }
ability of androgen products in our society may6 h. d" K7 s7 q5 q1 `8 R
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
" _- _! h, x4 C' v8 [  ~1 qchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
# G! q) ?% t" S5 d! Kgen products must be considered and specific ques-7 C7 l' O/ d% r4 g
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or% K% s; L, N! D: H+ s8 e- i
gel should be asked of the family members during
6 P+ |# j1 U- a" I7 r+ ^, Y5 o: ethe evaluation of any children who present with vir-9 |& X1 B3 I! J# E& m
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
" J& W9 j% Z9 y/ O+ Q3 bnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
0 U# U! w1 S5 ]2 f- b& Jappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
  X& l$ `7 Q! fhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may# l) H! D) w: p# L3 y; [% c3 G
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
1 P: O2 B9 M7 Q' F; Pinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
, p4 ?+ R% q) aaware of this fact, because most of these children
- n' ^2 f+ `$ W  a9 c: ~, x' ~- Wmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
! J8 y8 Q8 S( J" ^) c) R# Y+ hDesk Reference and package insert should also put a4 G* w- s, n) i# t# Q
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or. Q7 O  ]4 Z" O7 q- r
female child who might come in contact with some-
8 P4 `8 z' q2 b3 F3 b! ?5 v* Done using any of these products.
. D# t6 G) J  S7 |- d3 h% H+ ?References
- A6 B3 P; K( o1 z1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
" J% E- Q5 r/ l5 \: O0 {+ T* vand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric2 }, S2 o$ H" z/ o7 |! R
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;. w4 b: ^) L' ~2 z4 F3 a
2002: 565-628.) V  H0 z' i& f. L9 o
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious" e/ g% z! f3 y
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
+ r- S# v0 e9 D  m0 g; t- h
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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