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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
6 @8 S) \3 w5 z1 DBoy Induced by Indirect Topical' Z- {8 |  Y  G9 C: J) b. o; r- P
Exposure to Testosterone
' P7 M1 v( T$ X3 M, ySamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2) `2 V5 k: F9 V( ^
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
. ?9 @1 v2 U$ L# ?0 ?, vClinical Pediatrics
0 d" |9 G- f* g; dVolume 46 Number 6
+ }. x1 c1 b7 y. O/ _: c4 i$ gJuly 2007 540-543
, e6 \3 b( I. L# @# ?© 2007 Sage Publications
  T7 ^8 p& `$ |8 K10.1177/00099228062966516 f0 O6 @0 K+ J- w/ d2 V5 e: l
http://clp.sagepub.com
9 N* \) T: B' p3 Q0 lhosted at- J' f, N8 y/ G) O# y2 J! r4 |! n
http://online.sagepub.com
/ U$ C- g- `# `  F& D% `4 J0 ]Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
" {! u! U/ z" f3 k$ vis a significant concern for physicians. Central
) ]/ u7 f/ f4 }2 v0 |precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated% J( a! T7 i5 l7 k/ c
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
! ~1 P9 y' S: E1 Ga higher incidence of organic central nervous system
0 D% E1 h( l# V. b' @8 Llesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested% e( i4 l& ?, ?5 F( y
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic% M: c& W2 d' ]" o) y3 ^0 ^2 J
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-* _" f- Q# G5 O4 z  K) b* ?
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We6 i& F" D( u  E; G; V% p6 I- y
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the# M" M" w6 D! M) T! j1 e8 C  o0 z
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
+ @5 ?1 r- ?, }0 h2 Ament without testicular enlargement, which was due
/ \. ~. g: U( u# `to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
* K9 ]9 v& ^; l# c/ L, U7 [the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
' u/ [' k: d2 e: k/ H; U/ gmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
6 Q( y# C- K1 S# m. c* t1 p3 Cchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
& D; m- B- [2 s' y8 u5 J+ h0 {testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-: U% L/ I3 j) H# B1 v! X8 t
bly more common than the rare case report in the1 \/ d! b% L& \7 W" x0 Z) n& e2 @5 e
literature.4; u3 S2 s9 k& x; G) h, z: ~1 H: L
Patient Report
, d  @6 h# [( B! ?" x/ i* F; |A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
: i. q. W+ P2 r9 g/ {# @7 P5 H( Cendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
; e$ N2 L2 e* m3 z2 N' ^of early sexual development. His mother noticed; a* U9 z  Y  m7 |% d
light colored pubic hair development when he was# p9 X- R2 @- T4 _
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
  f/ ~( r8 a* i7 U; b5 h3 c& uSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
: e% u& S: D$ E2 z3 a7 s+ FAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
  m2 a! M1 D) _Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
) [2 q  C2 t$ Z! pMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
  {9 }& ]3 \1 M& O( Me-mail: [email protected].) \, y# X6 |, K2 W; ?- ^/ N$ f
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
/ S! A5 ?2 |3 H( k: a5 C$ s; Rdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-' R: o' J! A. }% A* ^0 `$ z7 T/ Z' S
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child/ u$ s) y$ S, ?) O/ Z9 F7 R
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with, v4 A: S1 o" P
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of" O* q* [( y, y& H% F5 N3 L2 M- ]
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
, l; Z5 |$ q) B1 d$ C& Xof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
) E0 h, l5 f( A6 R1 _" G+ S4 ?solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,: Z: N9 w( I8 G! S) F% t
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
# V! t2 x  P' h9 \5 c' Q; H( M8 ^# z7 K. cwas age appropriate.9 n. V' x, y2 g8 K" R3 N# S
The family history was remarkable for the father,
/ _. r' h% A* H. W0 }- _who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
0 P" c* g$ G, [( }2 Y$ |4 Y0 Hwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
6 Z' P& m# R! L3 ]& q  `) jheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
7 d3 w( h! A$ e$ n; M# Zearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.; h* |" n( }% q* U$ i; R' p) t
The father denied taking any other medication. The
2 M9 A" H& V! z& e% i. B7 Achild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
& @8 A4 b0 P% M/ N# T, v+ Pwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet: ?0 `6 z% j9 W% w" q
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
) q! B8 t+ b# L6 s' }8 N4 Hcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-& b  p8 a. |$ u8 ]/ y+ _0 ?
tives. There were no siblings.
5 c; p- w* p- L% GPhysical Examination6 D" f0 A0 D% n; K' W2 |
The physical examination revealed a very active,
4 T3 B0 V7 h5 e/ J$ ]% z: O( ]* B% Y. tplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
; y( v7 h& q/ p9 la blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was6 l; X; e! l' q; @" }5 w% n
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
1 `$ E, k& A+ e7 \5 r3 [" U(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth* R' s: Y: V1 J
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
7 q9 ]' D$ X1 S8 h, ethe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement., Y% R  a' Q1 X2 @
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
$ l* i: _' ?6 wenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
* ^# T" K' |- r5 d8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
: Y4 S* s0 `* T. R/ n# mdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
$ W  q; ~% e, i( A540
6 x) M& N% c5 y$ Y; `1 ~. v7 s) Eat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from8 z( Y; y3 y8 S2 [2 h- |! Y
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
9 C; f: ]& v( r4 T, Ftesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
6 ]9 h$ ]% [& ]8 D' n: UThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
) N) T) Z1 u" r, S' \9 @8 qoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no6 ~2 q( K0 J  p$ }
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
' z; N" r% n0 YNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+5 E# A" R7 q) _) Z+ J  C
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion# _6 x/ ?$ V9 F) U2 }
of papilledema./ \  i: N( e+ _
Laboratory Evaluation
4 V5 P- l( q& q1 f; A' k1 zThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
7 E  S" J1 P6 i# w  i$ cusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-" j! L2 b$ _3 t4 r+ X/ d
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal& d  i0 C! z3 D+ T1 Y- U' k
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test9 }. e5 p7 G0 J/ z9 }
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
  p. [1 l3 v, U* ]! O8 ?& ~2 ^lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
+ b) @) C+ C7 O/ R/ v( i! MThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
+ j+ X/ F, ~7 E. O7 nurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were% {8 U' ~2 p. c4 N
within normal range for his age. The concentration
# s6 P7 _8 E  Bof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL: d. I0 |' U; C
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
5 [  M* y9 i; ~0 L$ |4 }2 n0 E; _ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-9 Y* R3 \: p6 F7 V" C1 K
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
7 j( \5 e# o- d' b$ adesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to6 \8 b6 C& v1 z! I
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S). P% d, ], j# _, l$ M6 C
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
: H6 Y# ^; l; R$ s3 ?! w* Ltisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
( u" K3 W, V+ V. w$ Rtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),2 [1 h5 O- _$ x
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
  [3 Y/ k+ ~0 E5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
% v3 G2 W$ T; s. {0 V7 z5 g: b- V5 Cstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone* t, @: b# ^& x) k  f
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
, {$ q+ g5 R, R& W3 }3 ^+ j- w(prepubertal).+ O& T6 K; y* y! U# x  q
The parents were notified about the laboratory
/ e3 p( e# z9 }6 uresults and were informed that all of the tests were) q7 M' }: K8 N/ N( l. h% @
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
( ?2 ?( Y! n0 j" V3 sfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to% X3 `7 z+ S) g6 c  \3 `
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
) j. e! L, w* l  N' @4 cever, the family did not return for 4 months.
) X8 i7 @+ k4 {" gPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
1 i( \. ^5 R& c" qchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
! v9 U8 J+ x) u0 p& X, j& O" G) P3 p2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
5 q" T/ T9 p7 b. i' G% m) J% x5 Funchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-  O* O5 x6 e) @7 y
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at; o# A4 k" q* J7 a4 E" v0 T* {
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 21 j+ o- M, Y1 D( g9 D, P$ D
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.5 P  P. e' z- R& I
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-, m6 ]1 v& O" N* f$ `, o2 a) r1 ?9 A) r
ing frequent erections." G" C7 s5 {4 F0 G* g* F
Both parents were again questioned about use of
$ Z: X1 V8 B; c1 n$ Rany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
2 B, Y; f% v2 Y4 ~' q9 |5 nthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
; Y0 j$ k0 Z3 H! F* t/ D" oTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
7 o. ~! ?) y& h% {, Quse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-& n* j( }" K" A6 w4 a
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
$ G% q  G5 k$ q0 _, V, `a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
4 y6 d# g' `+ u+ K5 Tto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
' I. c' r/ D; j9 mscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
1 n& r. O3 ^# T! r: I# @secondary to depression.! |0 }9 K, x' s$ E0 g5 w2 _$ F
The child slept in the same bed with parents.+ U9 U; @8 {- r% k7 h( y
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
) o7 Y# t( o" ~, Fchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-/ B& O* V: B1 A" m
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.' z5 z! C4 \1 ?
The father also admitted that after the phone call,8 o9 |7 Z( j* Z8 K5 I/ J) f
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby/ E1 _, [8 x9 x$ E7 b
was high, he then read the product information3 u7 ?) @( U0 x( U, g4 k
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-3 J' }; t- C+ r6 v% K1 W
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
- p- a. U6 H6 B8 `! e$ E# A/ r: I: edecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the0 `( z, q$ U* `7 o+ y, s) K6 R- m
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
& M/ Z+ E0 d( `" _* Ybeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone* i  Q0 L3 W. q
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the$ u' p7 m, V" E7 K3 N# I
laboratory to obtain the test.
5 C( E2 {' ]# J3 g: R7 _* Y3 p' d; cDiscussion
1 h8 M6 B5 J! C3 c6 FPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary. j: V- z! Z  m  Y9 }+ d1 ~
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
: ]% G  K1 x+ F6 ?, mPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when( B$ x. ~1 _5 G! D4 t( p, m
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
& Y6 l8 G0 o# R- r' S- othalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
( O8 }, }4 Y9 umon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
: o* d7 G# e% hmay have a central nervous system lesion that is* i/ Q% z& K3 @5 A
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
6 n+ U2 i; W- P' ?. R" j5 w- `amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
% {" l# t' W0 I# C6 {' g( Fsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in1 w5 H8 p2 @; G4 b( M
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-' N8 u5 n6 N$ L! t
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
5 I/ w' ?1 B' p! j% l9 }rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by% t2 [& x& t3 i3 o9 C$ M% `
gonadotropins.1,34 X! h" ~8 z7 f4 ~0 G
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-/ F8 p$ C: h* a
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate) W- `0 d8 v0 T$ N6 o* P
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or4 x" }* A% n1 r; H
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-# @  Z( S  q& ?* h- n) L
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
: d0 H1 ~" @; T* ?% C* gcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
" n1 i# P6 `9 s* l5 x6 ~  radrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious& M& V' n, k% o$ x) d2 y, `- M
puberty in boys.3,4# x+ \7 i: L/ [, [
The most common form of congenital adrenal
- H: b! R3 ?! J: b6 P+ A" j7 nhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
9 K' k" ]) \4 R& S9 b$ ~9 ^The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in7 U/ O# E) P0 y6 Z$ ^, x
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,9 P+ N. ]5 w' ?( p3 h# c
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
" u) N$ V) y0 J+ q( pexcess.1,3. S6 Z) D) j4 C5 c( |, z8 p# E
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
6 T* |7 y# i3 w, Y  S542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
" D* x1 `/ T1 f. _1 cA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-. v3 M( A: H9 t  m$ D; d
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
% A# ^3 K8 |4 O4 U) @as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
$ R( W. F& q  v3 P/ u6 }5 w2 Lvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
3 s4 A2 h1 [& y& wwith this disorder are full pubertal development,! v$ n' i9 O: \+ R
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
' m" W, V! `6 u- x: P* V# o# ]with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
, h9 q1 U* A' u5 a$ g! i: Fare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show# i$ D0 }* B+ q4 O, P3 ?9 }
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-# N1 E1 v# x# w9 q: A* [
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked: K) ?- o: x/ S5 }2 T# b
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
' m% ~( G3 z+ e9 F) p" Jmales; therefore, other male members of the family
; c- ^9 t8 G  H' U* N! P0 Emay have similar precocious puberty.3" i7 d4 U0 q) S& ^. \+ n# y. j
In our patient, physical examination was incon-9 e0 A  j1 R& K3 q4 T
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-% s6 @9 b2 \* p4 V
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
9 K% d+ F3 a  Twas in the differential diagnosis because his father* Q5 ?- a4 w3 }" N; h
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,! P! K" a7 ]4 T; k! Q* {1 F/ l! K
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the0 ]6 h' k5 X" c" \0 z
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-! W& y' W2 p* l' r* v
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our+ d4 Q6 a$ a% T
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
, H( F' N! E2 h. m  w2 ]  Peither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase7 k' ~8 d& U( K+ b8 \  S0 ^
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-3 h2 J5 h, P7 l% w* R
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.4 s8 ~% e, l  Z" }5 L
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
* u! A; [8 D% U# W+ Csuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because5 k' J; u) H3 Y7 R) Q, ~' S/ r
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
% b1 s4 G6 _7 T: m0 Fpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and3 S6 m3 o* M. Z; C
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
+ q- |: u8 S: d. W" k: aterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
3 c! ?1 l5 q4 _/ busing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
  {' }* y5 f# {4 ^; p4 `Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
  R$ d! [) o) x- L  q0 z4 g8 {cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
, Z* `$ r; d0 L$ h8 U  ~unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
5 p; j$ x/ V2 Y6 gSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
1 B8 K! h$ V6 mbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
2 B1 E- z* j" W' O# e/ z9 s& T; \$ reven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
3 a3 h2 B# Y* C; Rpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-! H% b" Z8 m! l! [9 W) Y/ N* p
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
0 X" M% G/ s- |1 rOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,2 |" ~2 }6 [: ], Z8 r
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
+ q" b9 `' A$ f/ \( Zdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
  {9 A) M1 o2 Iterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
+ u: Y- q* h% sactive in young children exposed to testosterone
, }5 b& p7 ?8 Q6 D) [exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-8 ~. D% ]& D+ ]; u- W  Z
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to& `5 J' _# w- Y, w
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
- u% k( y5 \/ s) G5 I. Fchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and) C- C# |$ ?4 [) g. ]% E
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
  j: Q& v% B- ]4 O2 B- [The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
/ M; M$ f' c+ q& V' j; w, r9 j! ~early childhood on pubertal development and final
. p5 C6 ?, K+ I- p6 a- x) M$ q0 c; yadult height are not fully known and always remain
# E" y* u1 ?& c* w8 {/ ~- \' ka concern. Children treated with short-term testos-  I" B" g8 ~5 [
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some& D* q% x# }( z9 ^4 c
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
: T4 h! Y: u  i3 E( ?" _cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation/ g+ `5 p# |% ]# E* s
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
5 R2 v  P; f- }* P* q# n( hThere are conflicting reports and controversy
6 H' X5 `  R2 Eover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult- `. {( K# \+ \% {
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
# J4 |2 {) P; r8 [; madult penile length, apparently because of downreg-- \6 }1 \2 L+ A/ l: l7 V1 [
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
3 Z  h% X' ]) ?* h. K+ l6 x/ oSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
9 c1 C9 N  u2 A& ]childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
8 F3 q7 d4 c: i# K. \- Y1 C2 Npenile length in clinical studies.
; s' n7 S, S: |4 }3 o  J; ]Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
: u' r* C- u( z7 Dgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
; Z4 J4 N- Y7 B$ I' z9 dtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
3 y2 W$ ]: E" H& d# C( ^the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.. R9 e: N# D# b2 w1 u- N
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
. ^% g! x" I/ p( e" I" y3 Udiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
, b* b3 ~8 b6 zthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
" J  M: G7 q8 S% i' B$ z- y2 D% bheight will not be affected.
2 W( q. s) [$ `6 ?$ v$ R4 C7 ~Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-1 |: U6 \6 z7 v8 \
ability of androgen products in our society may' M. d4 i4 a7 M# D- c
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
* u, F" |1 ~, Z/ h1 V  Nchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
7 }. }7 T! _: d* ]$ O6 G9 Wgen products must be considered and specific ques-, p3 D/ e$ u; J4 U' _( e7 ~
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or$ W2 ~* _. y" P! C. P% s
gel should be asked of the family members during
3 t7 f* y) N, F" j7 J7 bthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-; V! P% R0 K! m  a
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-6 Q( y1 b; i2 G! G: o/ E, \
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by7 o" A/ _3 o; k5 o# N
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a; C$ G5 D, [: h2 X2 c- D
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may8 e! k% l! m9 k' {
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive  Y8 s1 h6 B% r0 O4 `
investigation. The primary care physician should be
' E! H$ r& `9 f2 {0 o+ \6 Waware of this fact, because most of these children: h: z* c" c$ E" G2 ?( Z2 L
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’% [# @7 n9 z( ~( t/ E2 p4 l
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
1 k9 x; T2 F3 C5 L: l! X, L, Nwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or0 l( J& j1 d: K0 e6 \) n8 I! y. D) @
female child who might come in contact with some-$ c" }& z- e6 ^7 b) g
one using any of these products.
( A, R' t- U! U  J9 e- v" uReferences
! `* z% a; c+ u) l0 l/ f1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation: j" c- l1 \; S
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
+ u/ t/ R: |" ^1 k8 h) j. EEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;4 ~/ {9 S3 r3 b  t2 X9 _
2002: 565-628.
7 V8 g/ Y; u2 _5 J4 F" L; I2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
! N& @& G. h4 z2 P& Y2 u3 R7 W+ Apuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old/ A4 ?' W& Y- j! d4 P" T
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
% X) C( d1 q  R: a$ C5 M6 f4 O' GExposure to Testosterone
! |! O6 C$ s: t) RSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
0 ]  m& X7 z9 V$ Oand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1  C- E; j$ e! R+ b9 v7 q& _
Clinical Pediatrics
% m$ [* F# u: sVolume 46 Number 6
. P: Z# [9 n+ L3 Z: h. d& Y" WJuly 2007 540-543( T' ?5 Q& \; q4 }$ C/ c
© 2007 Sage Publications
% o% d9 }3 d) v* K- ^% o  G10.1177/00099228062966517 k! m7 ]3 i) J( M
http://clp.sagepub.com
" c7 f( V/ {- w- ~3 K# uhosted at: N: H' t* O0 a  i5 e( X
http://online.sagepub.com
8 B- N6 F5 w! N( |) i- X: hPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
9 \2 H8 w* h% O! mis a significant concern for physicians. Central
/ M; }5 I9 B+ j: i; H* F7 oprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated2 i. v- l: J" I# Q
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
& W. v' C& C! U5 a& {0 va higher incidence of organic central nervous system: J7 I6 V/ r% n* o$ f& ?
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
4 y! ~9 w7 |3 j! vby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
- v! H% H0 w: L8 [8 Y+ e2 Vhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
0 m" v' G5 [/ S3 D! n; W6 }  e! g9 D  Lcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
4 e! m5 B, A! a* rreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
, H  ?1 _" l: j; ^enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-, E  t/ k% T8 E- u
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due  U! k: ?1 i% ?" Q: ^7 J* A
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
/ [! C8 U3 ~2 A9 Athe father. The family initially concealed this infor-/ T6 _4 U/ {8 q( d3 Z: A0 w9 x
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
$ L# ^# }" u2 I( Gchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
- x! _& j- D3 h. I6 Rtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
# K" i8 A4 y( ]8 M& i3 ]' O$ ^2 Gbly more common than the rare case report in the( F# _! W  h% D
literature.47 b, V% R6 k8 n9 M5 M% s/ x
Patient Report8 G6 B+ ]% W+ {* @1 o( U6 z2 p
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
5 H+ S+ F; w3 X  m# z) vendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern: a2 @4 N) }8 w+ l
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
1 ?; c( R7 X' Elight colored pubic hair development when he was
* Z1 E! E* j1 {* c' ?' r: I. j# UFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of" H1 x* K' B! c( ^- N6 R9 p4 ~# k: H
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
' r! J1 x* I4 @' k  A; [Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
9 |% C& Q+ s; p! @Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
/ B+ l9 f: ]3 Z( xMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;& L8 ?7 X* H) o' ^+ s9 G
e-mail: [email protected].
; I' w' Q( w7 v6 N0 ]about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became1 d' [  e- `! A
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-: g" \9 _9 w% N4 [  E. U' T
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child4 ]9 G" H, t. r( f
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
+ K: H; L' o1 P0 a5 n" y- _a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
; S- Z/ S& J3 d0 {5 b! e20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
: K0 q9 Y3 Z* v: k# {) ^of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
7 K2 U9 }( j/ m$ Y3 H: Ysolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
  }4 u$ C* L# \  A' Aand his psychosocial and psychomotor development' a+ r% M, A( a! i
was age appropriate.- T9 q) Q7 W. ^
The family history was remarkable for the father,
; o- h8 w# b' u, C4 U% g, E: L8 [who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
- L7 B5 |5 O8 ^4 b' t$ Ywhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s. q! j# u6 s" L: ?! {. R, p3 ~
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
/ q' I( Q1 X0 ]. C$ |5 V8 xearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.8 H, ?# F2 j4 |
The father denied taking any other medication. The
0 L5 Y' G4 l( k9 w+ H7 tchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
3 E) Y$ w* B- L8 @2 a; a# ^was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet( l, O9 O' V; B# T: u8 c) ?8 ~
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-, W/ w2 m9 |' }: R0 M
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-, k( O) _; z' K' C
tives. There were no siblings.* v* r/ ?: _: j; j1 X
Physical Examination
+ E6 w. o) `) P7 p* U1 }* g3 vThe physical examination revealed a very active,2 I& H& W0 n  J- s5 L
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented3 N7 h, `! s) o
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was, z9 w7 E: r. C1 H, _+ ?! Z' |  \
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
5 X0 m9 }* `; i' d* b2 V(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth+ }9 R8 A8 V* E9 ?1 Q% ?/ [8 s
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of$ y) V- H6 n8 D! e0 L
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
& q  C# y6 T" c6 TThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
/ B/ E, C' \' p9 E% I! menlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of/ _8 v, Z: O2 ?7 Z% J1 j
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well, M7 y$ f, m4 a" ?
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
  q$ T' d+ P1 Y7 V: w  B2 n540
/ N" |/ E8 Y" \at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from4 O; j$ ^" s0 P, i% D
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
% y2 H8 T# O3 H9 @& x8 V( Ctesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
) S# f, V5 l6 l8 b  hThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
7 P, B" j; Q# J7 p: k  X1 O  V( Aoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no$ p, \8 n6 z* S5 |7 e- A1 H
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
, ]& f" V+ _1 ZNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
+ }& |  n3 ]' {& S, e* k  Rbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
3 y. N: Q7 v1 A, {) B( kof papilledema.
9 \$ i+ i) w  s) CLaboratory Evaluation
) k% U* _2 K8 z5 V" U+ pThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by' h& I. x3 e4 j5 A
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
" B6 {) b: J! F6 Ilogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
5 y' u$ q8 w6 Y, \karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test3 Y* f' w; q  F3 n0 Y( E
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-( t3 F* L, B% t, |& O3 _9 v: R$ n
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
: q, c( O/ |" e: R! D8 LThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
2 d" ~3 h3 h: }4 q% p5 h0 yurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
& a* s( h4 P7 i7 P# [within normal range for his age. The concentration4 J- O8 \/ v+ q( I  P. R5 w( e
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL- h+ m* h. u) d2 y- H
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
+ n# C: ?  R! L$ S# J/ P% `ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-- d% T' ^; J  K1 \
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
) r( \3 N' K9 i- `- zdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
9 R; y  y& c+ L( p, t49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
) K; b0 ^* J# N: n2 w0 zwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
% A1 A# O5 V# `1 ]% @tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
: E$ ]4 @, A+ i; Y$ p% \testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
% V% H9 t; m! S- q0 Vand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
' \; m; h5 e; N0 R! `' q5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular- r5 v6 ^  J0 Z- X+ r2 M' c
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
5 S6 X' ]. e! x0 s7 D. ]# Fconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL: V# a8 e9 L, v7 h, I
(prepubertal).* q& n4 |& y8 T' H/ r
The parents were notified about the laboratory
7 [9 S3 j8 u2 b( I% vresults and were informed that all of the tests were  R/ k$ n- n& v+ g. c
normal except the testosterone level was high. The% ~  ]- U/ y2 _6 O
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to4 L: ]8 I. z4 z% ?
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-2 i& E: _$ d- _6 H0 a9 e5 x, y
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.3 p) v+ b# {7 r% V, q
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
, B" J  `+ B8 C7 l2 mchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
( f3 s! j$ k1 P2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
0 @# M  g6 N; E% junchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
; r9 b; r% K4 s  J% Qpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
- C: O# g: T$ I4 X, Cthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 23 u2 R5 Q; L: @+ N" Y+ _" X& F; Y0 q
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged." a5 q+ L& @; y; Q0 W- X% _
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
7 s! I9 Y) R* ]4 ving frequent erections.& c1 Y% @4 ?* u4 |! O0 e! d2 o
Both parents were again questioned about use of
. u. @9 ^; k+ k0 L# Sany ointment/creams that they may have applied to' M! K9 t. _5 n* H
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the/ P! ?' d' L5 c- w. ^0 t
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541% G9 b/ P6 a4 F4 `( C* a( v7 ^
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
: v# `& N0 K8 L2 cing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for% I' X# t0 x% k0 W3 n+ h
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
. n1 r) y5 t3 {, {to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
; ~5 M  L) C6 e' W% V" ^9 Hscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
3 T$ A3 W  J: U$ P5 R. P1 H8 qsecondary to depression.9 E) Y; r" o  q! R% H0 ~! Q- h
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
( \& p; d3 K9 i* K% dThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his2 f- y  N5 p: z  |  d
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
; s9 }+ k/ \* d8 ~" mnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
& ^$ X: Z, O' Y! _& jThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
" i/ n- ^+ V$ F6 ], {. I" uwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby% c0 f1 ?: T* @( f
was high, he then read the product information6 a2 H4 p0 P% e" |6 o$ [
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
& G( r+ F, [  j$ x9 v; Fson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they! {; b) Z' t& k& o& }' e% q
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the5 N, J- q, u# `2 f
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
. q! L5 r* V9 V4 B+ B7 G( U) b8 y" Xbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
6 F5 y3 T' @, P; j2 Rtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
4 U2 j' y* U2 {. ?7 Ylaboratory to obtain the test.. ]2 o6 Z! B8 k" g7 F
Discussion  Z, ]' Y) x; e( V* o* @# Y1 v. L
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
3 g+ @( y2 y. I- V+ C/ csexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
5 Z& I8 F3 m# U+ X4 S2 w4 V) qPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
+ M. b7 [$ O% @8 d( wit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-( U9 p6 ^, ^6 o3 U3 t% U& L0 c  l
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-4 T; f( u* @( E% M6 a
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP3 ]  f, l6 b3 @$ Y/ z% K7 P
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
; q8 A# S$ T- w. Presponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
2 u% ]; S( [% H: e* eamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
# O/ |/ e+ M* ]. d/ M' a9 P5 r) Lsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
% R/ F# P9 M3 J4 i* U5 b5 j# Uboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
* s/ ^9 h$ Z3 J& t0 h2 w" @# U. l0 M; @ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-1 S7 V7 u# a# L4 V3 Y# g
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by* ?) x8 B  W( h( }# q1 I
gonadotropins.1,3
) m! p- G' s+ k* Z$ qGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
% a7 C& F5 U& P7 }: s" ycious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate$ @' F& Y' B; R
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
% c5 i2 `$ `4 T8 {2 N' m0 oexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
1 ]  B2 s+ Z3 H+ }& x# _ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing) J' Z( L/ q$ {
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive! W; t% Y, ^6 G, w# D
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
/ p/ k# y: e( b5 ?! xpuberty in boys.3,4
8 ]# {- e) c: |+ F" F0 p$ p' D5 O3 CThe most common form of congenital adrenal' R8 k4 A% T$ @
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.8 e' ]3 n: g, }3 c& b; d: R' p& i0 d
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in) l: S1 o( K% O% M! t" K7 x
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely," {: A: }; ~; _8 x2 S9 l: ?( [
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen0 ?7 b4 [, Y4 k
excess.1,3
) m2 F! t1 z% C1 t5 ?at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from& j2 k/ C1 n" Z2 }
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007: v# i. ?6 `* Y0 n- @( H- D
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-/ F/ m: o% r6 d* j  |/ |3 B1 m
independent precocious puberty, which is also known: z& M3 o) j, \
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
, M3 v" d5 q1 T' g4 Zvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
. g) ^! y: Q4 q7 }- }with this disorder are full pubertal development,8 @% B6 W4 i3 R) J# g: M1 i: E: a
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
) N9 r) T/ Y3 z0 l" ~$ H" k8 Gwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder7 q/ K1 X" |3 x8 l
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show4 J6 ^7 B) L, c! S
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-% P: X) V0 I2 p8 |
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked) |/ J1 _  M6 p0 _
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only5 d) r6 g0 }6 C- o# S
males; therefore, other male members of the family
4 D. y) I* _  L4 P( R5 smay have similar precocious puberty.3' c  G% Y( `' m# E2 z- a
In our patient, physical examination was incon-7 L, J' K8 H& T- L
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-* f6 L" Q, r1 s$ S9 c; o
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis: c( o+ N5 X# d# s: i
was in the differential diagnosis because his father6 h; v: \: z  @: A/ v( n+ `/ n+ N
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
1 d; y  z  ^! k6 [testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
9 C% m0 ?# Y: s* G. Y- v% l8 K; i$ y, @' tbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
$ e3 R# A3 D/ X. \$ r0 ?* \# bative initial history of androgen exposure, our
: |1 e6 ]( Z" {4 a/ wbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
9 z0 k1 Z) b3 i, Ceither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase" f/ f3 ?" R) V* U0 _
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-# ]( n+ R2 F8 Q) ^  g
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.9 ~- ?; e4 q. q# n8 Q; T! @
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly3 u' m- Y" N; r( p: ~. {
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because' i1 D, o$ }5 R5 O) n* x
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
' Y  Q, I& r" Ipearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
+ F# m6 ~, D/ R1 y: y4 e: D: ]+ idecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-5 E: {7 f3 m: l7 {. l0 c: i
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was* h" S6 F0 _$ J5 |9 f
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’: L. ]. j9 \: V* e4 O3 _
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or; y& H! f: n. p5 C0 B; U$ w
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to6 B7 L7 y& c6 T7 }3 f# i
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.( i/ u  I' W" a! b
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the' N* W4 z; W8 T+ I. d% |. E
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
6 m" o; {5 M& ^+ M! ?" p0 zeven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
# M# z  ~2 K& Vpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
6 k/ T. n- o+ t' A. a; ~tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
2 w- V6 x7 J4 m; ?  F4 @* n5 VOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,& ^& `& a0 l2 Z
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that: m6 A4 \! W) A5 b: @/ m- A3 x
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-9 T  F, H7 Y. o& X* O. I
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more' o' R5 C# B* U# h% a$ b+ `
active in young children exposed to testosterone
7 G) Z6 s: V( |6 ^  M) Sexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-" E+ o& `3 _" S
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to- j" ?7 ]% f6 G2 N
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
- r8 s# i' ~4 b" B6 F2 ?. ichildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
' z9 w2 D/ f2 k! E) b( q2 ~6 oadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
2 e# G1 ~+ t. P, _/ UThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
1 [6 q# ^9 @( @9 C: fearly childhood on pubertal development and final0 I: `5 }0 I1 D; a4 d
adult height are not fully known and always remain
' r. s' ]6 _+ T) M6 m- la concern. Children treated with short-term testos-  U+ M1 O6 q% k" L
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
& \0 p) _7 N+ m/ o$ Qacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after6 e" P; u; J2 `8 _  I
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation9 Q' Y5 v7 ~' [& A
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9/ h2 s9 i% K1 ]: d& N
There are conflicting reports and controversy
) J" h$ K* i! |& g" V3 Cover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
" L& J6 ?! k7 R9 v6 mpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
. H) G! f* G; a* madult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
% z# w4 X% M- M0 Yulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
7 Q4 @9 m; R. U7 ^1 E# [Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between$ z( e6 u; R8 [: F! f
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult: p/ O0 ]- Z4 b+ w" [
penile length in clinical studies.: m2 f8 z% ~/ W/ u4 l9 ^; n& x
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
! G6 ]0 T% R! n! Tgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from: l* s' v( }) c; V1 K5 q
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
1 }: S9 p% u$ wthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time./ C! h8 S& h8 M" U' }& o6 ?# j9 a
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
3 m0 x! ?) X8 ?- C( Ddiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
: g( i! i* f) U( f$ c& }the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult9 Z- O. [, B5 V# ?! h: l
height will not be affected.
! C* q3 K  \  X6 S0 c7 lAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-6 Z9 f. q: M; L7 k0 A+ N: b
ability of androgen products in our society may
' @: c; X8 X6 k, windeed cause more virilization in male or female1 T2 T+ w! R5 d" b) ?$ f3 I0 q
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
5 ]+ ?. |3 Q7 Zgen products must be considered and specific ques-3 ^5 N0 k4 b! I& G% W
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
" n8 s. ?+ T4 B* ~% [* {# lgel should be asked of the family members during. r# r2 ?# n" k
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
1 q3 r4 k# T+ o' c1 M8 I2 |( zilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
; I, g% h4 i" ~! J% W! `9 Mnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
2 w0 l" e: F) f  uappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
: h4 A" o# j& |/ L' [1 R5 C4 I$ chistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
- x4 Y8 B, k; @: @. N! |result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
5 o4 D) X+ o+ K$ A" P. r7 E( Pinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
. Z/ j# x2 s5 Q& G/ L, saware of this fact, because most of these children
1 M) a9 M2 t- L6 Zmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
2 u+ T& T9 n% o0 T: n" i( s2 GDesk Reference and package insert should also put a5 l. c) D4 w  m& d% L
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or0 J' w7 a2 S/ e
female child who might come in contact with some-
, U, D6 G) e4 _one using any of these products.
- F; |% z/ \; w2 }9 }; vReferences
# ?* e6 q3 S2 U: U2 Y1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation$ @" ?, c: E5 W- i% e) p3 q
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
* |3 [2 j, }" A: I- REndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;6 s" N* r5 b2 [" ?/ O4 D8 Z+ j2 M
2002: 565-628.
! \9 @3 ]# d" j2 x7 y2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
4 A4 y2 @  f5 Q* _) K5 C& [4 Gpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!

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發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
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發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点

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發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
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發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
  o  z- A6 h9 w7 T9 n4 d
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!

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發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
 分享同時學會感恩,一句感謝的話語,就是最大的支持!  歡迎交流討論
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