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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
! Z/ F& J. M1 i$ J9 {Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
/ J1 T( z `- SExposure to Testosterone$ r, [) u, P b" ?( o/ f, d1 t
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2$ ?9 E5 z9 D; E5 g# J6 A
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1# Y2 ?6 G4 G6 a5 `8 H
Clinical Pediatrics5 `/ [' e$ O; i; M1 |
Volume 46 Number 60 K* u" C6 C! x J! [
July 2007 540-5434 o' F4 j9 \+ A' H( J( S
© 2007 Sage Publications0 K2 o: }5 p! L3 d
10.1177/00099228062966516 n" q" v( G% Z W' _. P
http://clp.sagepub.com/ U) g, A8 ^/ P/ x+ y6 k( I$ Q
hosted at
7 k2 a& j0 k0 ]3 `" E0 [; ihttp://online.sagepub.com8 m. F( ^7 B4 ~% I$ ] o$ U2 e
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
$ l7 @$ e! i8 @$ i6 F; uis a significant concern for physicians. Central* b5 E$ P9 J' v1 ]- j6 Q
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
+ L0 f. h m; k" q8 \# ythrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has& ^) u" W2 v9 C+ m8 N! Q9 R
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system8 p8 w4 v8 f% J6 r, M
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
* f/ f) a9 a6 P5 Xby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
$ p o$ y$ z% a" W% H. [3 fhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-# h4 b. u' r7 {& C& X. b8 {4 u5 O" P
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
+ q2 j. t. e( Y- R/ E1 G3 F( preport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
& H& ]0 n& \3 V, i r% g- tenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
, C1 m# o. v+ c$ S2 i! ~0 w/ ument without testicular enlargement, which was due
2 W6 g1 {2 \& C7 t' G G1 J/ u8 Mto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by% }' M8 I. n, c2 o
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
- d! p2 c4 N7 T$ U5 ^mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this6 d5 C* t: H% ?$ I
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of, ?5 \# v# r; u- y
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-& D. b# t5 a7 S# n5 l6 W% B$ o
bly more common than the rare case report in the& b3 U0 X1 z/ X Y9 e! T
literature.4
+ z: b8 V: ]: F, d# b$ t3 d* TPatient Report5 S+ Q# h$ S2 a/ ?+ V+ H; V, \9 {
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
$ G+ |3 {2 t7 n" Tendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
1 W: C7 A0 U0 x/ c9 a8 x( Yof early sexual development. His mother noticed
6 S, ?, i, A! I% H' V8 r: hlight colored pubic hair development when he was8 z4 k* w; U2 S1 q4 K/ C; W
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of6 i; }* e3 g8 I- W4 e
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.% w7 H6 Y% }$ Z; _
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,- y! [/ G" o+ l+ Z8 B, s% D
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
: k5 Q8 e1 j* O2 |+ a/ y- W1 s/ aMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
( K" ]$ U4 a, l4 L& v; ~e-mail: [email protected].
, s" t- J! ~; U* ]6 o6 q$ n) ~about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
# t F% @; k8 k1 ]$ z+ o: M/ Z8 o$ @* Ddarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-1 j7 Q. T$ t& N/ Y$ c0 K) B% D
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child. o1 A$ [2 c+ o' a/ \0 {, e K
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with, g! i* @6 S/ ~2 _& z4 b
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
$ U0 I2 K" p! O9 L! G {20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
5 B" q+ p. U, C* Z Fof life and was still receiving breast milk along with8 l% }; o; [; I* z- q; C4 C6 G
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,1 a6 W" @# M# n7 @
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
5 D, X) H3 G1 k' Ywas age appropriate.
3 L5 k! M. D8 A/ I- BThe family history was remarkable for the father,
+ d$ X$ i7 c3 M! m/ _7 g! r5 r9 [who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,8 w$ R+ b% K) v% _2 b+ L/ T
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
4 H, S" i& l7 t3 Lheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat2 K- a3 m* m l1 B" x
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.; O, I: M. Z* R% n1 k* E# r# G. p
The father denied taking any other medication. The
/ _5 @% h5 e; @. C& _child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche6 |- D+ O3 \3 W
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
, Z$ t: s7 ]1 V2 [5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
0 J# A& |9 M, P+ g: @7 [, H8 Acocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-& a+ s7 U, v* v! g
tives. There were no siblings.
: i5 Z! B% c- g3 b1 MPhysical Examination
; ?/ R" z. S9 E; xThe physical examination revealed a very active,% l0 D. E' e$ s) N, `3 ]$ L
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
/ ]" o% `7 C; H/ i) X0 na blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was* h4 @" V( U! Y' Q' Y0 w8 k
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
6 C1 J' Y8 N d- }6 f* K# Y(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
8 `! ?' Y% m" A% Dvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
" N+ f6 y/ R& [ Othe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
$ {9 K( A( l2 A5 ?! ^0 ~The genitourinary examination was remarkable for! x8 w' D. g9 m! C
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
" `9 j* u5 l! X2 e8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well+ o s! d% T8 ]# \# o6 W+ [" `
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
0 f9 j) ?$ b" ^) f1 V4 F0 Z540$ o% Y+ A9 P+ v# M- W4 l' X: j# r
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from$ H8 }- G: p' m+ ?, m3 v u
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The3 q5 w X8 ?' @4 ~+ _$ U" x
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.' g1 E3 A# g3 w- m! Q
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat# Y. B t, v6 ]% g1 M
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no* x- D1 V2 O0 p- o& u4 R. I- Y% U
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
, I0 q& f7 b/ W/ a% HNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+7 V! R8 R, p# w2 B4 Z& |, i
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
" d8 d$ ]( ^, k, Jof papilledema.& t) r5 L8 e' Y& q* l/ e2 E( L) R) X
Laboratory Evaluation
! k: |# E) S' i) }, c- ?The bone age was consistent with 28 months by6 g4 {1 X; A$ }+ T% d+ l
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-! T# q9 c N: N1 g* [7 e) O" e2 O
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal% {; Y7 M9 f. M
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
6 A o; o- v0 I6 ?% h* m' Dshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-6 ^" [# \5 A% r9 p7 Q7 j4 o# i
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).% {3 \0 a/ f, L$ v- G
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
6 w, M8 P! z6 c; E2 Murea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were8 H. L0 F" B& C2 W" n; a
within normal range for his age. The concentration6 c6 w6 G- b% V
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL: D# ~* [2 A: F
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 208 c: n& w5 L+ N( p' o& S
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-3 r8 Z6 A/ [2 p
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
' ~' K3 f% I5 g! w3 V* wdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to9 r+ {4 @4 ^: a7 `) V
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S): o R. L u9 t( Z- _2 Q/ q! F) o: O
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
7 j7 p$ {( [' p* X' ptisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
7 n7 k' [- N) I# a1 b O: o* ztestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),% N) y H+ S& {% L7 V) P- o/ h
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
! X; l4 m7 t, N" J s/ n2 a- H5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
0 t; m* {& H7 x- n6 m- J, V3 Cstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
3 {& o2 b" X |) Mconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
; D1 [6 K" T$ K. T- m1 G5 i(prepubertal).0 e) v4 u% I) z. B" ?7 `6 E! [; }1 L
The parents were notified about the laboratory
+ u- [9 L* \& |8 |' cresults and were informed that all of the tests were, R8 [( j+ c0 ? {$ k! T- K7 l' u
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
6 ~3 i5 X5 l$ V$ efollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to" u' g+ j) c5 G# f
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-! W& I3 W- H+ t1 I, R, j r5 Q
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.% r# p/ j3 x7 _$ t) Y! ^) ], z y
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
8 m3 K3 L5 H5 {, u0 w6 E" wchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained c, S! i3 h- T$ ~ d, \
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
9 G. {/ v; C' L: S: N ~- w2 Punchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
$ B* B# A$ n+ b, B2 J1 I- Epletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at3 l0 K4 e0 P k% X' u- B! \
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 29 n$ y' V4 |1 i9 p {/ V( Z
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.. W, x1 E+ o$ ?0 A3 ^
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-' O' ?1 e$ z4 |) z5 j1 a
ing frequent erections.1 s! m% ?# W, V4 Z8 L3 J
Both parents were again questioned about use of
7 l% k( n: _, F+ N6 y. ?any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
& _' x C8 f3 J# xthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
' d0 E% r3 k5 q4 q o$ y* |& QTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541% ?# \( \! [1 r. P4 m0 n
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
s7 O) |. r. A, o+ I z4 Xing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
6 u# \! ~) v6 Pa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
1 z3 a" I) x z! B0 G9 bto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-* k# K& N% [. u7 Y6 z q
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido9 B$ K3 ~, u; x& V
secondary to depression.- c4 U1 M. i" g
The child slept in the same bed with parents.' E2 S9 K+ l* \( A0 F5 z5 w
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his1 D# w( t( x1 o! Z' v
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
( h* `! W% B5 k" l7 v! Knificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
$ C8 Q# ?+ |# UThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
3 v; M# u) X; ^8 |% }3 Z6 g# Xwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
3 {! R6 f. Q* _! twas high, he then read the product information8 ~$ i+ |6 |# `7 X/ R+ w' F
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-* C) [( L6 A/ ^0 I% @& T" o6 F/ ^2 S
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they: A5 l* R+ ^( L. r5 d
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the4 y/ _8 `& W, j* I
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
! S2 Q, f1 a+ w1 m" vbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone# i, c3 o- Y% M1 g+ L
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
4 S' L& C' D4 p9 C5 P" ~laboratory to obtain the test.
4 @7 d" O5 |3 w& F( [7 XDiscussion' G" L! A: M0 g0 }
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
. B; P% Q7 D, ~6 b% Usexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
; D" e9 J& f& ePrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when. J" g- H% v4 i7 v1 \2 U
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-, z- |0 K3 L0 m }# i
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
# D) @5 N7 v$ J+ a/ x& y- @mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP2 n4 N. X# z5 j4 P0 H1 _
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
- L E1 P( @8 t! u+ i# @+ j& u- |responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-+ }% W2 h* f8 _
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-2 s3 Q D# V1 B
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
; I$ V2 `* y3 u$ G3 l4 Iboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-3 U* ?, z4 S2 ]
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
* q2 U# R9 K4 D+ s7 J' o8 [' _3 @% o! Trical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by; C* i3 d7 q# A! @, c6 L
gonadotropins.1,3
4 P4 {5 N# }7 b1 [' X( mGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-: y3 o. e+ [+ T/ g' j9 r
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
7 m$ Q* E M" h9 X/ Z2 L& d$ oandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or5 r3 m$ F6 V: D% n$ d. r2 c
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
% P* D* e5 q0 p1 u# u! Xulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing# \4 s; D8 |; q$ d1 |
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
* @, g: x& i: t' s0 y5 B3 Madrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
) A# p/ y# L' m, x: [" h0 |8 \puberty in boys.3,4
1 E6 S% N; V$ I/ ZThe most common form of congenital adrenal3 H0 D: N2 p5 p- n
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
4 M; |# t" X9 U( \The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
6 ]# f; g. I6 V0 ~9 Z) fexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,; F' v$ N; O8 v- u5 P( p
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
0 L6 r8 d# [8 ~2 Uexcess.1,34 Y* D/ D: c9 s
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from+ x* T& |! b/ A
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007 x0 l, p! }# F+ {% x0 U. _
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
1 V" y, L1 C' Windependent precocious puberty, which is also known) u# c$ _* g2 R6 K7 q; Z/ K
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
3 q! N, g* B$ vvery young age. The physical findings in these boys8 w7 D$ Q/ u% w3 c4 c( b
with this disorder are full pubertal development,6 v2 i- \2 z+ L' H& a# F o
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys$ S5 R$ |* \% j
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
% j: I1 o2 S1 _- zare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
0 j8 |# s; L0 e) f9 l" _+ E' e( rpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
7 o( I. p/ T: Greleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
! a* d" j2 d3 l) b0 b. {0 ]; A% jautosomal dominant disorder that affects only! o9 S! e& b4 B0 j6 e) c# T* @
males; therefore, other male members of the family( {8 A1 @ Q* a% k' @
may have similar precocious puberty.31 T; i2 f) p5 `
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
; |5 A2 F- c$ Q$ Isistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
3 k' x+ V+ S2 r N) Acles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
+ \* R, i6 K, l4 n* s T y6 {was in the differential diagnosis because his father
5 v' s C% B9 ?started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally," R1 z. L8 x1 \" ^
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
; b# S; @- e' ~" d+ jbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-/ r2 |) G6 v# A6 I3 Z5 f! V: D
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
) G8 X2 [; Z8 G: L2 ybiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,1 r4 C" o# G* a3 h9 y" D: ~
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
g2 u" y2 w$ g! D8 `deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-+ h7 m9 }' ~' T
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
1 r/ X- k. |7 n6 j/ LThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly) Y+ B1 `9 V0 G1 L& ^ i
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
, D0 R* N5 X7 s% o" j+ c. F6 d! jthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-0 Z( T+ Y( g% A2 B1 C$ T% q; |
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
2 P2 l5 m& x; R- m$ H1 a- ~decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-% [/ R$ N# D5 G2 H
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was+ ~0 f/ I) _; X. y7 \# i4 |5 y
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
2 t5 ~- h H C cDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
9 p n* t% U4 x9 X( U: Ycream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to0 B. N+ O1 A( z* d, e8 h8 ?
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.* v! E; |4 ~0 i, C: l& _1 ]
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the, [" _* g! n# N: y7 n" n+ \
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
1 U% T- J! r& ]% V2 j Deven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
; o/ P# P5 U3 q$ y3 N5 hpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
/ t; v' U/ ?4 A9 O& [1 Ktion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
6 v) v) b# e* {8 O( y& @Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,+ ^7 a8 v' G3 n
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that9 Z7 q: D: z+ E* W% W" p: \6 ]
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
3 J2 G2 n% W0 _: s# F' Y6 H9 g1 z! qterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more4 `' K& r& \/ ^9 S
active in young children exposed to testosterone! j) S$ V) _" [; ^
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-' \9 e* m2 u5 ?9 M
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to0 x3 h3 Q# y! a" N5 Y1 B
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
* A, n* H1 G- C6 Q7 Cchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
4 e* i/ ], J, ?- Gadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
& M, K$ ^1 b. T+ o; P8 B" lThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during4 g- v8 p9 m, w5 Z
early childhood on pubertal development and final
# n; A0 e1 w' G- X, }0 j) S1 nadult height are not fully known and always remain; { P& b7 y; ~* K3 J3 d
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
4 x; Y* K- h- Q+ e9 I Yterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some9 v0 n1 W& `; n
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
: T" j8 O4 H/ Qcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation5 u) J7 ?2 d9 X
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9. @, b# U# w4 h. N/ \$ M, t
There are conflicting reports and controversy5 ]+ h3 g* m8 w+ ~0 v) ]
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
4 e& I$ ~# S) ?penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal/ R; l+ s# l" k, h3 P$ c6 d
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-3 h) @& n9 |/ V3 e
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,4 |9 `: L, V% K+ t7 J
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between0 {( Y, V, |! B
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
M8 w3 s% {% j0 Hpenile length in clinical studies.
5 C+ o6 w# Z, H1 r- L5 ^Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is* { ]2 r3 z: o
going to experience any of the untoward effects from( b4 y' T, q/ u- @0 y$ @: I
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
7 t1 t" n- O. E# m2 m7 s- `' nthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.# V2 w4 k0 ~% l9 O
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
7 l8 _& v. O% \& B$ k4 C6 |diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
3 e" }8 C. e; `6 b5 s0 p0 V- gthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult8 b) m* W2 C4 z+ u
height will not be affected. u4 q1 H9 U4 K- _/ H6 O
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail- R2 u2 [5 d3 r$ q' z
ability of androgen products in our society may @4 h9 L* {1 H, x" L0 f
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
1 Z1 C$ i5 S- v3 Q& z \children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
. n0 w5 E& _; ]& A, Xgen products must be considered and specific ques-
0 p3 x: `' \" e4 stioning about the use of a testosterone product or
2 V1 s) p$ K0 J, y! {gel should be asked of the family members during
' J4 X8 b) M& C9 d- ~& [the evaluation of any children who present with vir- L0 s: I4 m1 `# r
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-/ Y! W* ~5 x# m) k4 i5 V# e' |
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
5 p$ c2 s* D9 k/ `& v- S; k; tappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
9 O, K M6 h# Hhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may9 r6 v, H6 e1 Y/ F- ~
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive/ i# h9 N: Z; F
investigation. The primary care physician should be
; W5 r3 q3 k) b/ v, q' Gaware of this fact, because most of these children
1 c9 q( h Y% }may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
7 m8 P$ P6 b0 h$ w! ~4 j8 UDesk Reference and package insert should also put a$ C$ d$ ?" {; W: B$ t
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
4 {, f4 ~ x: vfemale child who might come in contact with some-
, x. Y/ d+ X0 r- H- _one using any of these products.& X6 ?" F0 W( j4 f; W; Z
References
6 ~5 [4 p' m0 X; y" r4 S0 r1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation% U) P/ W8 l4 x* {$ D: `' f
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric# o O: C0 s' s( a. f" \
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
3 _' `/ \( O! C: S& |% R( V2002: 565-628.; z2 Q+ o9 k( C
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
; l; E" F0 c" w+ Kpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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