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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old4 o" Q' U& R9 ]# u, y8 b" `
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
6 `9 T" |7 w& W7 p% O; aExposure to Testosterone2 Z2 B, r o9 U0 q+ N2 \
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
8 G* k) T: ]3 K0 [and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1! ?# ~& p$ B% K4 `" ?
Clinical Pediatrics" c6 A1 Y3 j, b) ^; [8 O ~
Volume 46 Number 6
; R5 f: f, g+ Q$ iJuly 2007 540-543
8 ]% G% s7 b# n9 Q© 2007 Sage Publications' R, ~& ]- ?3 {. d5 l* Y
10.1177/0009922806296651
: f# z! r; P2 n5 k* |) Fhttp://clp.sagepub.com
& R q Y5 Q( p& ohosted at
! ^7 W' v) F$ N- Shttp://online.sagepub.com; N+ v5 B# ?0 D$ b* Z
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
' Y( x! q- |, z/ w; C3 o" lis a significant concern for physicians. Central* |% |9 o: R1 O% b2 z0 x7 `4 }
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
7 q+ L" P2 k! N# Ythrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
p/ P9 O# Z9 M/ T5 ya higher incidence of organic central nervous system6 K4 V) g/ r& L9 F6 f' v
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
; A6 m7 J0 u+ Q: N+ Q9 jby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
0 c8 j% |) M0 j; V6 j2 ^hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-6 t; `% V# h, n3 F
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
9 g3 y% d% ~% J5 kreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the, C: ?% N- m1 O. I1 `, v# D
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
7 m; F# ~' P5 P: S0 R3 kment without testicular enlargement, which was due
z( D7 @5 y3 ]6 V5 C* P! Xto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
/ c/ i# B* ^$ Y ?9 D9 N9 x8 {the father. The family initially concealed this infor-' s8 E9 F- g* R# s6 n* ~
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
' b4 H8 Y1 ? E1 [9 uchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
" z/ T% h* i; k v3 o5 ]/ etestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-" f6 C' H: {% y
bly more common than the rare case report in the
+ @8 R* ]" B* c0 i, ~literature.4
+ l. B. _" j0 c \Patient Report
' Z) V% D3 W) t) X0 e& ^# R3 ZA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
- u' \4 y$ \! {5 ]endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern6 _, d2 f. ]/ ]- E4 f' g! f
of early sexual development. His mother noticed: x7 e% N5 e9 s5 z# s4 t: s4 s
light colored pubic hair development when he was0 M5 L9 e: q2 \0 \& T" U2 E! B" V
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of, F' e: B8 J' K$ @
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
' H! X9 e F# ^3 c% |5 f4 kAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
0 t" A7 X+ a. c" rProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
& H$ {0 ~( E! [2 n7 `! dMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
) t% @8 v h" C3 ~6 ze-mail: [email protected].
5 F2 u) g2 Z+ dabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became& J' }3 F. p* {
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
: p% F- l: e0 G- V2 ]ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child2 x8 D( a5 q7 U4 l2 k
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with0 Y' N3 F9 d5 K/ Y$ _( s
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of' V* B+ i ~0 p, r" n" F
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year/ I8 i: h& U; F2 V/ _8 |7 G# N: [" d
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with, A% j/ P, ]" g \( h8 J9 C) g+ ^+ G
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,6 W; t, M' {# S5 K# w2 l1 T
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development: s. H" z& Y* \+ @: \4 C% I
was age appropriate.. Q* r0 \# C; I/ J
The family history was remarkable for the father,% k' e/ d ]/ v, H, N" N
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,8 u3 r' A4 Q J Z
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s' g* f0 q2 t) s0 b: ^/ e
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
2 Q% @0 Z' I' w# f" oearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.+ q9 H) A9 ?. t5 c- N. G ~
The father denied taking any other medication. The! z: i) I. Z- T0 c; Z
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche: y5 j; Q2 J. C j3 J
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet v+ C; ]0 {1 O( s
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre- D1 [% }+ U- I8 l: _5 |' o
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
2 e5 P) N4 |) z" ytives. There were no siblings.5 n: I6 L+ O' D6 i- E' k) K, v
Physical Examination4 R& O5 l! G- m- Y! y
The physical examination revealed a very active,. N4 M5 ~8 a" `
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented* C( O5 k1 _& w$ }2 B' c# J
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
# m! p! O7 N- U5 |/ m! ~8 E' d90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
$ Z% l' \' }. H& i! n. D3 b(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
8 j3 h0 D6 o* R- bvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
3 [# W/ l7 B! Qthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.6 A% c* u6 e- }, U! O4 u
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
* M" q+ N/ x- D% r* p1 N+ @& |" nenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
4 G) A6 I; p( S! V+ X' \8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well+ p. K9 L4 P# P$ P5 H! P* _, |
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
7 r6 N3 I1 A7 E. v, v5402 O. }1 z1 u5 L. [8 h+ L% l. \ Y
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from2 g9 N( H! Q! U+ @7 ^, P ?
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
: p& D5 |" x8 Ktesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
; |% G( `6 g8 X( J) C! F7 bThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
4 p0 z( W0 ~( V9 P* F$ {oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
0 j* ?& K5 e* ]8 q7 u& Zabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.& Z. }3 l q$ n) J+ E
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
$ I/ f: c- f( l/ i1 l% a+ Rbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion" }# ^5 c" q& X4 b$ x; R
of papilledema.8 H5 h% T" }0 O
Laboratory Evaluation
; x) D- k5 k7 @ G" {The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
2 Y% j9 M/ I: b+ g- Wusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
( D% g- {/ a: C% W- B7 W2 j& Wlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
- |1 \2 M& M: d; j) `karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
4 y5 V7 d/ _2 r* V! [showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
9 t- w. K6 j# l; [/ Vlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
8 N( D) I: z( i8 aThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
/ i6 x0 s: X) Z! Z$ {6 S+ ^urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
2 U3 n$ _3 m8 R$ \! j9 iwithin normal range for his age. The concentration% E! _/ D8 F9 ]% m7 t s6 W
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL7 X5 t2 q; H2 G
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20' v& N- E( d4 c! M. \
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
5 ~/ S% ?# S. R0 A B; yterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),- _0 f" q6 a- S! q
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to7 H# J- y' I2 p0 B8 L# d1 o
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)7 X: t5 n# S9 X K
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-8 Q: r3 k f$ K+ J
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
3 b# C* {8 a8 Ltestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
# j! z. F: e( P' iand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
" Z4 G4 u& n3 Y1 L/ {7 D5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
, j! t9 |" j' \2 astimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone. y1 Y- H# @# p/ D: X% l
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL: f8 |8 j: l$ e$ K
(prepubertal).' @$ E- I( Z4 M8 w! O
The parents were notified about the laboratory
& I# Z7 O8 d+ H7 v( Qresults and were informed that all of the tests were" H" ^, P6 n5 o( z
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
N; _8 O; @' \, Q1 nfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
8 n" h$ ~4 ]3 g" k2 ~obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
9 e$ m7 D& L- S. m p; Qever, the family did not return for 4 months.! F4 W& i0 ~; z8 g) B
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
9 ~) x1 U( V+ O) p3 v3 nchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
% H: [" j. }4 O- V2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained# g1 }7 A1 i( r. ]% h
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
+ W$ }- p& v$ j" g, S8 r6 }2 Hpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
4 A Q" i( ~& {- o8 U! Athe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2. d, V* A r, e& s5 { G
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
8 _ H# J8 z; ~6 F+ ~The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
" t' m; r7 U: ` e, U- I2 uing frequent erections.
5 H J5 \5 s- g. f2 g c6 @Both parents were again questioned about use of8 Q6 i8 ?9 E' A
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to, _7 W$ f( N A. _
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the( [4 j0 \! b; X/ b) N
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541+ A- O) ?5 j6 G
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
$ {( G# P. l0 L+ {ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
9 b; @8 n3 a9 o; x* J# v- c& T8 ea year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
& R: n( l' f& ]9 c* p5 a& s6 [to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
. q4 y- u( x8 k+ `8 n! Cscribed by his family physician for decreased libido9 U0 n4 M) ~, Z& L
secondary to depression.
4 K$ }1 d0 s# Z4 `4 ]3 UThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
, P1 N, S) a8 V+ H7 qThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his/ J- m3 t8 K/ ~0 y0 R7 f |1 u
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-/ M0 d' T. f" w, ~! w, c4 I
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.9 P+ _2 O5 @. j z3 T
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
, E ^; O8 Z5 F! lwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby% w. t* W+ L# h7 ?0 ^/ k+ x2 @* S
was high, he then read the product information. c7 P8 k9 r: M H# k9 ~% u
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-: w* P% S3 W8 _6 l' O: L8 `
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they/ L! n8 p5 e0 U7 [, l, H& Y: [* x$ q
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
& U7 V1 E7 E, y6 P! A6 tfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had$ X5 d+ w o; r( a; {0 K7 |! l9 I
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
. s9 `' o, J( _" u3 p% Ctest was ordered, but the family did not go to the- U! J2 }0 T$ b9 K! d/ C
laboratory to obtain the test.- [- a8 t* M; d: E. G
Discussion% H) ]% m2 A$ U) L) u# m
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
( O1 C, \ V6 x$ asexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
/ |- |- L( Y2 t. CPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
. N( T' y( s5 S0 f4 ~3 W2 z$ Y1 d% d/ xit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-7 S0 @+ g- D2 L' |+ ~
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
) u/ ~ q d4 r% y: I/ ?mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
2 t8 c1 P, U$ H! ~! Dmay have a central nervous system lesion that is6 o" F# J5 P5 i3 y+ E! X
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
$ n; X" e3 x, E. `amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha- B. `9 }" {' a8 y, J* q* c+ i
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
$ V! Q! l- ]2 o2 ~7 Lboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-6 W* g! k3 _8 [+ d/ y9 h
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
" I: ^ O$ i4 K; D0 m7 \rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by6 q5 O7 c$ I3 Y$ D4 F3 \
gonadotropins.1,33 }8 T, P5 S% L, \: T
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
1 i( h0 m6 U" R3 d( Jcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
* o# E% C3 [! h4 pandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or C4 g3 n1 B3 ^
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
( q I* C, f( ~# `% p" s. Fulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
1 _5 Y+ y( U9 Vcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
$ h1 w( c& o E, ^adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
1 D- ?8 l, a5 P X" M1 Z' v, h5 I; l$ qpuberty in boys.3,4' _4 ?" i- Z, D( y" x
The most common form of congenital adrenal
3 C( w: J' }+ `# ^hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
$ T2 \: h9 v. ?5 S j' u* VThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in, F) u5 J% N& _6 \
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
6 {; X8 u1 V8 q2 L7 ]/ Dan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen$ s( d9 T. w: h \; z% h6 |
excess.1,3
2 F- g- I o) f3 W" |) { j" ]at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
. I5 ~% L/ ?( U542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007; A6 P: I! {3 v* k; v
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
& |! U" R" m7 U; S- K) aindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
7 M6 l+ p% ~4 pas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
- T) F9 s3 n4 M$ @7 z& l( g6 gvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
0 ^/ n0 A* w- K% x2 `) zwith this disorder are full pubertal development,4 V" ?0 c& ]; b( {( K
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys; ~- L" c/ Q# W
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder( C( B4 h4 }- P( a# N
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show( z4 F9 y$ \. {9 y+ q4 v' S
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
: o+ e9 `" `3 Vreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
0 E; Q. B- ^8 p5 O) [5 T0 Pautosomal dominant disorder that affects only2 Y9 u8 I0 u. I
males; therefore, other male members of the family
* ^% g+ d5 A* f) V0 w7 U2 Imay have similar precocious puberty.38 { M* s: n* j$ W e4 N5 V% ^3 z' G5 w
In our patient, physical examination was incon-1 Y& D2 @# m; O) S6 o
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
+ [3 h% U e A% f. e ?cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
: d# J! L& H' Z" Y& U4 ~1 y+ awas in the differential diagnosis because his father3 \" V' d" m' M+ ]6 A! e
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,' b( ]) I ^& l+ z
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the7 c+ a, {: F; `' f* _8 {& n* C" Q. z
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
. R9 S; G# Y/ ?8 H% ?3 U0 aative initial history of androgen exposure, our
" ^) O# L( A- l8 v4 L: Dbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
; @/ r8 k4 Q% k+ e; C6 }either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
( T6 ?' w; B- b) y! d+ Adeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-% m3 u7 x8 O, s$ `6 n
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.( Z7 X8 X0 h4 c7 k# z
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
2 Q- d2 r8 u' R9 w$ T {/ A. Msuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because$ V% ^- j8 G- k$ R# i6 s* ^4 e2 _9 Z
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-" `9 d T1 N( [0 ~* c
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and. k+ u/ f" }+ ^6 Q3 X
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-* [1 \: g* f) X' x5 d
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was8 R+ O b+ O& E3 F }
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’) T7 G& K0 g! f
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
+ B0 N, P( N" V2 O: dcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
! q3 {' S) f0 ?( i: Funprotected females through direct skin exposure.$ L; E$ _* ?6 y: f9 X
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the7 W4 F+ T5 O' k/ J. T
baseline value in those females who were exposed to% ^; g/ F& ]' ]- k8 `- ^
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male/ W+ v5 b% u9 _+ \
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-! F% R3 u6 U6 E' V: x) [" E7 f. n; R
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
; C; D$ a) B0 x. |Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
; E9 e, ^8 Y% z$ e. cwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that" `, Q5 p; |, |6 u
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-! y6 F9 g0 B# v: U
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more. ^. |) x4 X1 f, c0 S
active in young children exposed to testosterone
4 J0 A7 l3 Y5 V; b' [ N- lexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-5 f( G1 Y! U% f# ^) |' w! @ U
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
: A3 M4 j) W4 E4 t/ m3 Uvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in `' F: @3 B/ v0 H. ? O+ o+ A% v9 e
children results in an increase in growth velocity and8 f( z4 q5 E1 H8 `& L
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.9 l+ U7 t* ]' O5 l* _ @0 _
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
0 E% H0 K9 _3 p1 t4 R8 ^. o$ fearly childhood on pubertal development and final$ q, a5 W! C5 |/ }5 |$ j
adult height are not fully known and always remain
+ o a/ w8 p/ s+ Ya concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
5 s T2 F: T% G# A7 i$ V2 Y# S4 I- ]. Jterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some% y3 c2 K, F% `+ o& R; g
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after- O/ P+ q( i4 x' c2 S, y
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation8 m, h* G- G# I$ v
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
7 ~% C9 b1 S: EThere are conflicting reports and controversy8 w9 _0 @: z& [9 u5 D. j
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult+ ?9 b# v6 z) @$ Y' O+ B' E
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal. r& I4 o; j- J3 c/ D# I
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
. r4 K9 t; k: k8 S7 j; B4 R* ]' kulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
" c d3 {5 W- o6 m! g# ZSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
}. |( Y4 i, P& X6 v! B- P! Lchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
9 Z: R8 Z0 Z4 mpenile length in clinical studies.0 n- G9 D# \& m: V- O: [
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is6 H% ~! K. ?- O/ r; P6 C8 r0 K
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
' y7 O6 f% O4 c8 i0 l8 T& itestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
# b: a7 M. H* x$ d! xthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time., f* A8 P# U# g' ~/ B" d* Z
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
! r9 H% G. J2 X! j! y' Q, Mdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at+ T4 t/ H4 s# S, a7 p
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
" K1 A! S; B' Kheight will not be affected.+ m- P4 p% Q3 T: `7 x: W
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-! m! }$ I1 I; p8 r9 _9 k# F
ability of androgen products in our society may
: Y& O, X+ d+ N8 w i2 O7 Xindeed cause more virilization in male or female% f( g, Y+ B& O0 y6 Q( x, e- G z
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
: a' e9 A. W: E& Sgen products must be considered and specific ques-
3 S2 A/ Y5 E, E, ]tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
( G( I2 z1 h" R' f) e8 w3 N; M7 Ngel should be asked of the family members during
" u' R# f# F, G0 H4 Vthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-% b6 U/ G! \! [' b1 e6 }: m k" p
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-3 E( a7 d! G n, y8 F
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by9 S* q) c+ ^/ B' ?/ x [: m7 K
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a9 V; n7 e5 f! k/ _7 O x
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may! k z$ w7 o. F( X! k; J
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
) B. B7 h+ ~ Ainvestigation. The primary care physician should be/ T( C5 L- ?% l+ e! T( n
aware of this fact, because most of these children$ u) l8 j- u( |4 N; S" t" p
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’1 S ]0 {2 s) T7 Q# }. a' Y/ z
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
# M0 U& [( o) E" dwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or8 h! ?. y' y; C" ^/ N4 g- Q! D
female child who might come in contact with some-) R5 N2 f# [7 y6 w; v) m$ y. _' }
one using any of these products.
. m2 I) r8 ?# d) V8 ]References# E+ H2 e6 a, O9 ?
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
/ r8 L, P2 m" D; h# b8 Z$ E3 Zand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric6 x2 B, ]# ]' n9 h# u3 r
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
$ p5 u% u, Q+ X. P2002: 565-628.; m1 @/ Y: K- ^5 }4 [
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious3 Z9 B# S: ^3 h& i ]0 L4 Y2 T6 y
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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