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英语常用语法:句子转折词的桥梁
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E( t1 B( T8 @, ` “They are wasting resources, for example, time, energy and money.”/ t5 F# ~0 W( x4 V/ n u
上面这句话不错,只是转折词“for example”不妥当;应该这样:* l: \: w: X% X0 T+ f y
“They are wasting resources. For example, they use too much time, energy and money.”
/ R0 X3 [$ B. Y0 g# {9 ] 不然就要换一换转折词,改用“such as”或“like”:
, b' G, I0 r+ \$ {' w “They are wasting resources, such as (or like) time, energy and money.”6 O2 w0 O, j* l0 `5 p: a$ f9 K" X) E
不管任何语言,转折词(transitional words)都扮演着一个重要角色,就是:承先启后,使句子紧凑,段落相吸,对文章结构,有良性作用。但是有些人几乎没有采用转折词的习惯,结果文句松散,上下文七零八乱,应该避免。
( d- K P- ~1 R' C 现在把主要转折词,分类列下,供大家参考。& p! r4 f' u" d
Ⅰ表示“尤有进者”的意思:
$ T) y/ q' p+ |: C: F' ` Again, also, then, besides, further, furthermore, moreover, next, in addition等,如:% r9 Z% d" ?$ Q9 H( Y) z5 d0 {- @2 K
① Jason teaches diligently. Besides, he writes a lot.
, [; B0 e% L) y/ q/ I. {/ H. z4 R ② English is a useful language. For one thing, it is an official language in the UN. Then, it is widely used in business, science and technology.
$ p$ \4 v/ q/ w( ] Ⅱ表示“反意见”:
5 }0 K+ U( C' [/ n- n! d( V But, however, still, yet, after all, for all that, in spite of, on the contrary, on the other hand等,如:
& C, P* {1 w) f" L; n5 O9 S) D ③ Jim is intelligent but lazy.1 E- i3 {; c- {
④ Singapore is not a big country.On the contrary, it is very small.2 K, U+ Y. n, Y$ J5 Y" X0 K
Ⅲ表示“困果关系”:
0 ^" N1 g# U: `8 _4 h Therefore, so, hence, thus, accordingly, consequently, as a result 等,如:: r! O4 r% m% l. \
⑤ Some people are over-ambitious. As a result, they are usually unhappy.* y# R9 T. m; G. r7 K7 Z% G
⑥ Tom did not work hard; hence, he failed.3 N# j+ G% G( m) E- e- Z7 u
Ⅳ表示“比较关系”:
: Z& x2 [$ Y0 b) @7 G2 A. ] Likewise, similarly, in a like manner 等,如:
/ i. `- E5 S3 x. n ⑦ You cannot writes without a pen. Likewise, you cannot cook without rice.
5 @9 l; A7 i- z2 N6 T ⑧ No one is allowed to speak Mandarin in an English class. Similarly, no one is allowed to speak English in a Mandarin class.
# E. V0 n* a* J: z8 b. J4 w Ⅴ表示“举例示范”:" R+ I* L% I& l4 l
For example, in other words, for instance, that is 等,如:
1 J. P, u: o) G7 ?3 o& ^ ⑨ There are some common errors in his composition. For instance, it is wrong to use "he" to replace "the queen".1 \$ B/ K3 C/ l/ G# z, `
Ⅵ表示“结束”:( Z! |/ Q2 ]6 s+ g: R, {, w
To sum up, in brief, in short, on the whole, to conclude 等,如:
+ }3 ` c4 \! j1 }$ V) P8 c ⑩ Some say Singapore is a nice place to live in. Others say it is not so nice. It is too competitive. In short, some like Singapore; some do not.& j; w! ^! X9 j- u$ Z1 P5 }
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